The Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1909 ) called this confusion a " distortion of the true facts " and suggested that it arose because the " Liber Pontificalis ", which at this point may be registering a reliable tradition, says that this Felix built a church on the Via Aurelia, which is where the Roman martyr of an earlier date was buried.

He also drew on Josephus's Antiquities, and the works of Cassiodorus, and there was a copy of the Liber Pontificalis in Bede's monastery.

The Liber Pontificalis ( Latin for Book of the Popes ) is a book of biographies of popes from Saint Peter until the 15th century.

The original publication of the Liber Pontificalis stopped with Pope Adrian II ( 867 – 872 ) or Pope Stephen V ( 885 – 891 ), but it was later supplemented in a different style until Pope Eugene IV ( 1431 – 1447 ) and then Pope Pius II ( 1458 – 1464 ).

Although quoted virtually uncritically from the 8th to 18th century, the Liber Pontificalis has undergone intense modern scholarly scrutiny as an " unofficial instrument of pontifical propaganda.

" Some scholars have even characterized the Liber Pontificalis, like the works of Pseudo-Isidore and the Donation of Constantine, as a tool used by the medieval papacy to represent itself " as a primitive institution of the church, clothed with absolute and perpetual authority.

The title Liber Pontificalis goes back to the 12th century, although it only became current in the 15th century, and the canonical title of the work since the edition of Duchesne in the 19th century.

Rabanus Maurus ( left ) was the first to attribute the Liber Pontificalis to Jerome | Saint Jerome.

Martin of Opava continued the Liber Pontificalis into the 13th century.

Eusebius of Caesarea may have continued the Liber Pontificalis into the 4th century.

The modern interpretation, following that of Louis Duchesne, who compiled the major scholarly edition, is that the Liber Pontificalis was gradually and unsystematically compiled, and that the authorship is impossible to determine, with a few exceptions ( e. g. the biography of Pope Stephen II ( 752 – 757 ) to papal " Primicerius " Christopher ; the biographies of Pope Nicholas I and Pope Adrian II ( 867 – 872 ) to Anastasius ).

Duchesne and others have viewed the beginning of the Liber Pontificalis up until the biographies of Pope Felix III ( 483 – 492 ) as the work of a single author, who was a contemporary of Pope Anastasius II ( 496-498 ), relying on Catalogus Liberianus, which in turn draws from the papal catalogue of Hippolytus of Rome, and the Leonine Catalogue, which is no longer extant.

Most scholars believe the Liber Pontificalis was first compiled in the 5th or 6th century.

Because of the use of the vestiarium, the records of the papal treasury, some have hypothesized that the author of the early Liber Pontificalis was a clerk of the papal treasury.

Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ( 1788 ) summarised the scholarly consensus as being that the Liber Pontificalis was composed by " apostolic librarians and notaries of the viii < sup > th </ sup > and ix < sup > th </ sup > centuries " with only the most recent portion being composed by Anastasius.

Duchesne and others believe that the author of the first addition to the Liber Pontificalis was a contemporary of Pope Silverius ( 536 – 537 ), and that the author of another ( not necessarily the second ) addition was a contemporary of Pope Conon ( 686 – 687 ), with later popes being added individually and during their reigns or shortly after their deaths.

The Liber Pontificalis originally only contained the names of the bishops of Rome and the durations of their pontificates.

Pope Adrian II ( 867 – 872 ) is the last pope for which there are extant manuscripts of the original Liber Pontificalis: the biographies of Pope John VIII, Pope Marinus I, and Pope Adrian III are missing and the biography of Pope Stephen V ( 885 – 891 ) is incomplete.

It was only in the 12th century that the Liber Pontificalis was systematically continued, although papal biographies exist in the interim period in other sources.

Duchesne refers to the 12th century work by Petrus Guillermi in 1142 at the monastery of St. Gilles ( Diocese of Reims ) as the Liber Pontificalis of Petrus Guillermi ( son of William ).

Guillermi's version is mostly copied from other works with small additions or excisions from the papal biographies of Pandulf, nephew of Hugo of Alatri, which in turn was copied almost verbatim from the original Liber Pontificalis ( with the notable exception of the biography of Pope Leo IX ), then from other sources until Pope Honorius II ( 1124 – 1130 ), and with contemporary information from Pope Paschal II ( 1099 – 1118 to Pope Urban II ( 1088 – 1099 ).

Independently, the cardinal-nephew of Pope Adrian IV, Cardinal Boso intended to extend the Liber Pontificalis from where it left off with Stephen V, although his work was only published posthumously as the Gesta Romanorum Pontificum alongside the Liber Censuum of Pope Honorius III.

The two collections of papal biographies of the 15th century remain independent, although they may have been intended to be continuations of the Liber Pontificalis.

Theodor Mommsen's 1898 edition of the Liber Pontificalis terminates in 715.

Milton was to act as the archfool, the supreme wit, the lightly bantering pater, Pater Liber, who could at once trip lightly over that which deserved such treatment, or could at will annihilate the common enemies of the college gathering, and with words alone.

This was followed by the Liber Sextus ( 1298 ) of Boniface VIII, the Clementines ( 1317 ) of Clement V, the Extravagantes Joannis XXII and the Extravagantes Communes, all of which followed the same structure as the Liber Extra.

One large text which has survived, The Book of Two Principles ( Liber de duobus principiis ), elaborates the principles of dualistic theology from the point of view of some of the Albanenses Cathars.

* Discordian texts and scriptures include Principia Discordia, Black Iron Prison, Zen Without Zen Masters, Liber Malorum, Book 5 ( The Zenarchist's Cookbook ), Zenarchy Unapologia, The Book of the Apocalypso, The Book of Eris, The Book of Inconveniences, The Honest Book of Truth ( portions of which are used in Principia Discordia ), Jonesboria Discordia, Metaclysmia Discordia, Novus Ordo Discordia, Principia Harmonia, Aeturnus Ille Discordia, The Wise Book of Baloney, The Book of Life, The Book of Chaos and Its Virtue, Chao Te Ching, Summa Discordia, Voices of Chaos, The Book of Chaos, Apocrypha Discordia, Principia Entropius, etc.

The people were mentioned as Helsinger ( which may mean " the people of the strait ") for the first time in King Valdemar the Victorious's Liber Census Daniæ from 1231, but they should not be confused with the Helsings of Hälsingland in Sweden.

The single extant Etruscan book, Liber Linteus, which was written on linen, survived only because it was used as mummy wrappings.

* The Liber Linteus, which was used for mummy wrappings ( at Zagreb, Croatia ).

In 1542 he published a prose satire to which Luther wrote the preface, Der Barfusser Monche Eulenspiegel und Alkoran, a parodic adaptation of the Liber conformitatum of the Franciscan Bartolommeo Rinonico of Pisa, in which the Franciscan order is held up to ridicule.

" Around A. D. 825, Dicuil wrote a book, Liber de Mensura Orbis Terrae, ( Measure / description of the sphere of the earth ) in which he states:

At the same time or a little later ( 379 ) he composed his Liber Contra Luciferianos, in which he cleverly uses the dialogue form to combat the tenets of that faction, particularly their rejection of baptism by heretics.

Duchesne incorporates the Annales Romani ( 1044 – 1187 ) into his edition of the Liber Pontificalis, which otherwise relies on the two earliest known recissions of the work ( 530 and 687 ).

An example of this usage can be found in the published edition of the Latin Cathar text, the Liber de duobus principiis ( Book of the Two Principles ), which was described as " Neo-Manichaean " by its publishers.

The only other major contemporary source is the Liber Historiae Francorum, an anonymous adaptation of Gregory's work apparently ignorant of Fredegar's chronicle: its author ( s ) ends with a reference to Theuderic IV's sixth year, which would be 727.

One of his major prophetic sources was evidently the Mirabilis Liber of 1522, which contained a range of prophecies by Pseudo-Methodius, the Tiburtine Sibyl, Joachim of Fiore, Savonarola and others ( his Preface contains 24 biblical quotations, all but two in the order used by Savonarola ).

The Holy See's Annuario Pontificio, in its list of popes and antipopes, attaches a footnote to its mention of Stephen II ( III ): " On the death of Zachary the Roman priest Stephen was elected ; but, since four days later he died, before his consecratio, which according to the canon law of the time was the true commencement of his pontificate, his name is not registered in the Liber Pontificalis nor in other lists of the Popes.

The Annuario Pontificio attaches to its mention of Stephen II ( III ) the footnote: " On the death of Zachary the Roman priest Stephen was elected ; but, since four days later he died, before his consecratio, which according to the canon law of the time was the true commencement of his pontificate, his name is not registered in the Liber Pontificalis nor in other lists of the Popes.

The most important of his writings is the Liber censuum Romanae ecclesiae, which is the most valuable source for the medieval position of the Church in regard to property and also serves in part as a continuation of the Liber Pontificalis.