The letter opens with all apology that a " foolish Scot " should be charged to write for a Lombard king.

The Lombard War was over, but the king was still absent, as Conrad never came to the east.

The first Lombard king, Agelmund, from the race of Guginger, ruled for thirty years.

In 560 a new, energetic king emerged: Alboin, who defeated the neighboring Gepidae, made them his subjects, and, in 566, married the daughter of their king Cunimund, Rosamund .< BR > In the spring of 568, King Alboin led the Lombard migration into Italy :< BR >

The Lombard reign began to recover only with Liutprand the Lombard ( king from 712 ), son of Ansprand and successor of the brutal Aripert II.

After his defeat of Ratchis, the last Lombard to rule as king was Desiderius, duke of Tuscany, who managed to take Ravenna definitively, ending the Byzantine presence in northern Italy.

He decided to reopen struggles against the Pope, who was supporting the dukes of Spoleto and Benevento against him, and entered Rome in 772, the first Lombard king to do so.

The civil war lasted ten years and was ended only by a peace treaty imposed by the Emperor Louis II, the only Frankish king to exercise actual sovereignty over the Lombard states, in 849, which divided the kingdom into two states: the Principality of Benevento and the Principality of Salerno, with its capital at Salerno on the Tyrrhenian.

Aside from the richest and most powerful of the dukes and the king himself, Lombard noblemen tended to live in cities ( unlike their Frankish counterparts ) and hold little more than twice as much in land as the merchant class ( a far cry from the provincial Frankish aristocrat who held a vast swathe of land hundreds of times larger than the nearest man beneath him ).

The aristocracy by the 8th century was highly dependent on the king for means of income related especially to judicial duties: many Lombard nobles are referred in contemporary documents as iudices ( judges ) even when their offices had important military and legislative functions as well.

Born between 720 and 735 in Friuli in Italy to this possibly noble Lombard family, Paul received an exceptionally good education, probably at the court of the Lombard king Ratchis in Pavia, learning from a teacher named Flavian the rudiments of Greek.

It is probable that he was secretary to the Lombard king Desiderius, a successor of Ratchis ; it is certain that this king's daughter Adelperga was his pupil.

After taking the town, he banished the Lombard king to the Abbey of Corbie in France, and adopted the title " King of the Lombards " himself.

In return, in 756, Pepin and his Frankish army forced the last Lombard king to surrender his conquests, and Pepin officially conferred upon the pope the territories belonging to Ravenna, even cities such as Forlì with their hinterlands, laying the Donation of Pepin upon the tomb of Saint Peter, according to traditional later accounts.

Upon the request of the Lombard king, Liutprand, Gregory had given the pallium to Bishop Serenus, granting him the patriarchate of Aquileia.

Next, he attempted to turn the Lombard king and dukes against the pope, but they retained their ambivalent stance, not committing one way or the other.

In 729, Eutychius finally managed to bring about an alliance with the Lombard king, Liutprand, and both agreed to help the other deal with their rebellious subjects.

The return of the Lombard king Liutprand in 737 saw a renewal of the Lombard assault on the Exarchate of Ravenna.

However, Michael, in league with the Lombard king Desiderius, and the Duke of Rimini had imprisoned Leo, who had been elected first.

Consequently, an embassy was sent to the Lombard king, Desiderius, in 770, which included Charlemagne ’ s mother, Bertrada of Laon.

Justinian made Amalafrid a general and married off his sister Rodelinda to the Lombard king Audoin.

Nevertheless, Amalafrid and the Lombard host under Audoin won a major victory over the Gepids.

Gregory IX and Frederick came to a truce, but when Frederick defeated the Lombard League in 1239, the possibility that he might dominate all of Italy, surrounding the Papal States, became a very real threat.

* 1176: On May 29, Frederick Barbarossa's forces were defeated in the Battle of Legnano by the Lombard League which resulted in the emperor's acknowledgement of the pope's sovereignty over the Papal States and Alexander acknowledging the emperor's overlordship of the imperial Church.

* In Southern Italy, at the second battle of Cannae, the Lombard adventurer Melus of Bari and his Norman mercenaries are defeated by the Byzantine army led by the kapetan Basil Boioannes.

* May 29 – Battle of Legnano: Frederick Barbarossa is defeated by the Lombard League, leading to the pactum Anagninum ( the Agreement of Anagni ).

Subsequently Asti adhered to the Lombard League ( 1169 ) against the German emperor, but was again defeated in 1174.

These responded with the reformation of the Lombard League, which had already defeated his grandfather Frederick Barbarossa in the 12th century, and again Milan was chosen as the league's leader.

From the 11th century onwards Bergamo was an independent commune, taking part in the Lombard League which defeated Frederick I Barbarossa in 1165.

In Italy the breakaway from their feudal overlords occurred in the late 12th century and 13th century, during the Investiture Controversy between the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor: Milan led the Lombard cities against the Holy Roman Emperors and defeated them, gaining independence ( battles of Legnano, 1176, and Parma, 1248 ; see Lombard League ).

The Lombard League defeated Frederick at the Battle of Legnano in 1176.

After the Lombards were defeated by the Franks, ( 774 ), following the last Lombard resistance under Hrodgaud of Friuli ( 776 ) Forum Julii changed its name to Civitas Austriae, Charlemagne's Italian " City of the East ".

In 900, Louis, as the grandson and heir of the Emperor Louis II, was invited into Italy by various lords, including Adalbert II of Tuscany, who were suffering under the ravages of the Magyars and the incompetent rule of Berengar I. Louis thus marched his army across the Alps and defeated Berengar, chasing him from Pavia, the old Lombard capital, where, in the church of San Michele, he was crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy on 12 October, 900.

The Battle of Cortenuova ( sometimes spelled Cortenova ) was fought on 27 November 1237 in the course of the Guelphs and Ghibellines Wars: in it, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II defeated the Second Lombard League.

The breakaway from their feudal overlords by these communes occurred in the late 12th century and 13th century, during the Investiture Controversy between the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor: Milan led the Lombard cities against the Holy Roman Emperors and defeated them, gaining independence ( battles of Legnano, 1176, and Parma, 1248-see Lombard League ).

In the Middle Ages, Legnano was the location of the battle in which Emperor Frederick I was defeated by the Lombard League ( 1176 ).

In 1955, Saarbrücken became the sole club representing Saarland in new-born European Champion Clubs ' Cup: winning the first leg in San Siro against Italian champions of AC Milan ( 3 – 4 ), they were heavily defeated ( 1 – 4 ) and eliminated in the second leg at home by the Lombard opponents.

A part of the powerful Contado of the Seprio, in 1176 its citizens are likely to have taken part ( on both sides ) to the famous Battle of Legnano, actually fought between Busto's frazione of Borsano and nearby Villa Cortese, when Frederick Barbarossa was defeated by the Communal militia of the Lombard League.

On 8 May 663, a large detachment of the army of the Eastern Emperor Constans II, which had invaded the Lombard Duchy of Benevento, was defeated here in battle by the army of King Grimoald, under the joined command of Mitola, Count of Capua, and Grimoald's son, Romuald.

Syrmia has been a part of the Roman Empire, the Hun Empire, the Ostrogothic Kingdom, the Gepid Kingdom, the Lombard state, the Byzantine Empire, the Avar Khaganate, the Frankish Empire, the Bulgarian Empire, Pannonian Croatia, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, the Habsburg Monarchy, the Austrian Empire, Austria-Hungary, the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, the Kingdom of Serbia, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia which, upon advice from the Ðilas Commission, assigned the eastern part of the region to the Federated Republic of Serbia and the western part to the Federated Republic of Croatia in 1945.

During the time, the area was part of the Hun Empire, the Ostrogothic Kingdom, the Gepid Kingdom, the Lombard state, the Byzantine Empire, the Avar Khaganate, the Frankish Empire, the Bulgarian Empire, Pannonian Croatia, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, the Habsburg Monarchy, the Austrian Empire, Austria-Hungary, the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, the Kingdom of Serbia, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.