After the Mongol invasion in the 13th century, the boyars from central and southern parts of Kievan Rus ' ( modern Belarus and Ukraine ) were incorporated into Lithuanian and Polish nobility ( szlachta ).

A combined force of Poles, Czechs and Germans under the command of the Polish duke Henry II the Pious of Silesia, supported by feudal nobility and a few knights from military orders sent by the Pope, attempted to halt the Mongol invasion of Europe.

While in Shanghai, she met Japanese military attaché and intelligence officer Ryukichi Tanaka, who utilized her contacts with the Manchu and Mongol nobility to expand his network.

After being conquered by the Mongol Empire, the principality became a self-governed state headed by its own nobility.

While this did not immediately lead to a massive conversion of Mongols to Buddhism ( this would only happen in the 1630s ), it did lead to the widespread use of Buddhist ideology for the legitimation of power among the Mongol nobility.

Ayurbarwada was highlighted for his reform efforts based on Confucianism principle for the Yuan government, though these reforms were made at the displeasure of some Mongol nobility.

The 18th century and 19th century Qing nobility was adorned by the descendants of the early Mongol adherents including the Borjigin.

The Mongols executed Mstislav of Kiev and the Kievan nobles in the traditional Mongol manner reserved for royalty and nobility ; without shedding blood.

From Tusi's comments it is fairly certain that Khujandi was one of the rulers of the Mongol tribe in the Khudzhand region, and thus must have come from the nobility.

Khatun ( – < u > Kh </ u > ātūn, ) is a female title of nobility and alternative to male " khan " prominently used in the First Turkic Empire and in the subsequent Mongol Empire.

Mongol archers during the time of the Mongol conquests used a smaller bow suitable for horse archery.

After a protracted siege, during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering the disease, they catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls to infect the inhabitants.

Focus on the impact of a Little Ice Age on the empire, as the empire, beginning with a sharp drop in temperatures in the 13th century during which time the Mongol leader Kubla Khan moved south into China.

Dominican martyrs killed by Mongols during the second Mongol invasion of Poland in 1260.

A Mongol bomb thrown against a charging Japan ese samurai during the Mongol invasions of Japan after founding the Yuan Dynasty, 1281.

During the Middle Ages, Muslims were in conflict with Zoroastrians during the Islamic conquest of Persia ; Christians were in conflict with Muslims during the Byzantine-Arab Wars, Crusades, Reconquista and Ottoman wars in Europe ; Christians were in conflict with Muslims during the Crusades, Reconquista and Inquisition ; Shamans were in conflict with Buddhists, Taoists, Muslims and Christians during the Mongol invasions ; and Muslims were in conflict with Hindus and Sikhs during Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent.

The widow however had to witness the killing of her son, vainly awaiting the support of Emperor Frederick II, during the Mongol invasion of Poland at the Battle of Legnica ( Wahlstatt ) in 1241.

Imperialism was a basic component to the conquests of Genghis Khan during the Mongol Empire, and other war-lords.

Legnica became famous for the Battle of Legnica ( or Battle of Wahlstatt ) that took place at Legnickie Pole near the city on 9 April 1241 during the Mongol invasion of Europe.

The province was pillaged during the Mongol invasion of Poland, when a combined army of Kraków and Sandomierz was destroyed by Baidar in the Battle of Chmielnik.

The designation " Mongol " briefly appeared in 8th century records of the Chinese Tang dynasty, describing a tribe of Shiwei, and resurfaced again in the late 11th century during the rule of Khitan.

After the fall of the Northern Song dynasty, and during the reign of the Jin ( Jurchen ) and Yuan ( Mongol ) dynasties in northern China, a common speech developed based on the dialects of the North China Plain around the capital, a language referred to as Old Mandarin.

* 1238 – The Battle of the Sit River is fought in the northern part of the present-day Yaroslavl Oblast of Russia between the Mongol Hordes of Batu Khan and the Russians under Yuri II of Vladimir-Suzdal during the Mongol invasion of Russia.

The Novgorod together with Pskov retained some degree of autonomy during the time of the Mongol yoke and were largely spared the atrocities that affected the rest of the country.

The Yakuts migrated north from their original area of settlement in the vicinity of Lake Baikal under the pressure of the Mongol expansion during the 13th to 15th century.

Genghis Khan and Mongol invasions devastated the region during the late Middle Ages, but their hold upon the area was transitional as later Timur Leng and Uzbeks contested the land.

The city was devastated in 1241 during the Mongol invasion of Europe.

In 1264, Nivkh people reported to the Yuan Dynasty of the Mongol Empire that Ainu invaded the land of Nivkh, resulting in battles between Ainu and the Yuan Dynasty.

Throughout the Yuan Dynasty, which lasted less than a century, there was relatively strong sentiment among the populace against the Mongol rule.

During the Yuan dynasty, Halal methods of slaughtering animals and preparing food was banned and forbidden by the Mongol Emperors, starting with Genghis Khan who banned Muslims and Jews from slaughtering their animals their own way, and making them follow the Mongol method.

On many occasions the Chinese studied nomadic cavalry tactics and applied the lessons in creating their own potent cavalry forces, while in others they simply recruited the tribal horsemen wholesale into their armies ; and in yet other cases nomadic empires proved eager to enlist Chinese infantry and engineering, as in the case of the Mongol Empire and its sinicized part, the Yuan Dynasty ( 1279 – 1368 ).

Hand cannon from the Mongol Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 – 1368 )

It allows once " foreign " dynasties like the Mongol Yuan and the Manchu Qing as well as the Khitan Liao, Jurchen Jin to be appreciated as part of the Chinese tapestry, allegedly helping reduce the alienation of ethnic minorities living in China.

Later he attended a banquet of the Yuan Mongol administrator of the city named Qurtai, who according to Ibn Battuta, was very fond of the skills of local Chinese conjurers.

By 1279, the Mongols conquered the Song Dynasty and brought all of China under control of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.

In the Middle Ages, the Mongol Empire's campaign against China ( then comprising the Western Xia Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, and Southern Song Dynasty ) by Genghis Khan until Kublai Khan, who eventually established the Yuan Dynasty in 1271, with their armies was extremely effective, allowing the Mongols to sweep through large areas.

It was adopted as an official state religion by the Mongol Yuan dynasty and the Manchu Qing dynasty that ruled China.

However, Mongol princes from Central Asia repeatedly launched raids into Uighurstan to take the control from the Yuan.

In 1381, the year his father was killed, following the defeat of the Northern Yuan, a Ming army was dispatched to Yunnan to put down the army of the Mongol Yuan loyalist Basalawarmi during the Ming conquest of Yunnan.

* The end of Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty ( 1368 )

* 1271 – The Nakhi kingdom of the northern Himalayan foothills is annexed by the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.

* 1279 – March 19 – Kublai Khan's Mongol Yuan Dynasty defeats the Song Dynasty in the Battle of Yamen.

* Hongwu ( also known as Zhu Yuanzhang ) establishes the Ming Dynasty in China after the disintegration of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.

* August 30 – Khutughtu Khan, Emperor Mingzong of Yuan, emperor of the Yuan Dynasty and the Mongol Empire ( b. 1300 )