Eventually, the newly formed Republic of China promised a new nation of five races ( Chinese, Manchu, Mongol, Tibetan and Muslim ), and suppressed the Mongol rebellions in the area, forcing the Inner Mongolian princes to recognize the Republic of China.

Xianfeng dispatched several prominent mandarins, like Zeng Guofan, and Imperial relatives, like the Mongol general Sengge Rinchen, to crush the rebellions, but they only obtained limited success.

This communication ceased only with the breakup, succession struggles and rebellions of Mongol Khanates.

1: Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire.

Today, people of Mongol origin live in modern state of Mongolia, China ( mainly Inner Mongolia ), Russia, and a few other Central Asian countries.

Inner Mongolia ( Mongolian:, Öbür Monggol and, Övör Mongol ;, but officially romanized to Nei Mongol ) is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in the northern region of the country.

Before the rise of the Mongols in the 13th century, what is now central and western Inner Mongolia, especially the Hetao region, alternated in control between Chinese agriculturalists in the south and Xiongnu, Xianbei, Khitan, Jurchen, Tujue, and other Mongol nomads of the north.

The historical narrative of what is now Eastern Inner Mongolia mostly consists of alternations between different Tungustic and Mongol tribes, rather than the struggle between nomads and Chinese agriculturalists.

The eastern Mongol tribes near and in Manchuria, particularly the Khorchin and Southern Khalkha in today ` s Inner Mongolia intermarried, formed alliances with, and fought against the Jurchen tribes until Nurhaci, the founder of the new Jin Dynasty, consolidated his control over all groups in the area in 1593.

The Manchus gained far-reaching control of the Inner Mongolian tribes in 1635, when Ligden Khan's son surrendered the Chakhar Mongol tribes to the Manchus.

Eventually, near all areas with sizeable Mongol populations were incorporated into the region, giving present-day Inner Mongolia its elongated shape.

Until the late 1990s, most of Inner Mongolia's prefectural regions were known as Leagues (), a usage retained from Mongol divisions of the Qing Dynasty.

* Mengjiang, set up in Inner Mongolia on May 12, 1936, as the Mongol Military Government ( 蒙古軍政府 ) was renamed in October 1937 as the Mongol United Autonomous Government ( 蒙古聯盟自治政府 ).

However, this seems to take on a different light in considering the somewhat paradoxical situation that after the Song Dynasty, China's ruling dynasties were often of Inner Asia ethnicities, such as Qidan, Ruzhen, and Mongol of the Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties: according to historian John King Fairbank: the " influence on China of the great fact of alien conquest under the Liao-Jin-Yuan dynasties is just beginning to be explored.

The name " Outer Mongolia " is contrasted with Inner Mongolia ( Dotugadu monggol, Дотоод Монгол, Dotood Mongol, ), an autonomous region of China.

He arrived in Hohhot, the capital of Inner Mongolia, and found the Mongols in a rebellious mood because of a corrupt military Governor who was colonizing Mongol pasture lands with Han Chinese farmers.

The Chahar ( Mongol: Цахар ) is a subgroup of the Mongol people that speak the Chahar dialect of the Mongolian language and predominantly live in southeastern Inner Mongolia.

Mengjiang (; Postal map spelling: Mengkiang ; Hepburn: Mōkyō ), also known in English as Mongol Border Land, was an autonomous area in Inner Mongolia, operating under nominal Chinese sovereignty and Japanese control.

Prince Demchugdongrub, commonly known as Prince De or De Wang, ( 8 February 1902 – 23 May 1966 ) was the leader of a Mongol independence movement in Inner Mongolia.

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Imperialist nations such as the Manj ( Manchus ) and Khyatad ( Chinese ), who have historically tried to convert the Mongol nation into their trading shops and establish their own sole hegemony while fixing prices at their own whim for exploitative purposes, are now at this very moment fighting amongst each other to convert our own nationally identical Inner Mongolia into their trading shop.

And so it is that the Mongol nation of animal husbandry ( Inner and Outer Mongolia ) has fallen so low as to meet the fate of becoming a trading shop of other nations .”

Louis dispatched another envoy to the Mongol court, the Franciscan William of Rubruck, who went to visit the Great Khan Möngke Khan in Mongolia.

Based on Chinese historical texts the ancestry of the Mongol peoples can be traced back to the Donghu, a nomadic confederation occupying eastern Mongolia and Manchuria.

After the Khitans left Mongolia the Shiwei Mongols rose to prominence, when from the 1130s there were reciprocally hostile relations between the successive khans of the Khamag Mongol confederation ( Khaidu, Khabul Khan and Ambaghai Khan ) and the emperors of the Jin dynasty.

Mongols simultaneously became Padishahs of Persia, Emperors of China, Great Khans of Mongolia and one Mongol even became Sultan of Egypt ( Al-Adil Kitbugha ).

They quickly became the dominant Mongol clan in Outer Mongolia.

This map shows the boundary of 13th century Mongol Empire and location of today's Mongols in modern Mongolia, Russia, Central Asia n States and People's Republic of China | China.

* Mongolia: The vast majority of the population is ethnically Mongol at about 95. 0 % of the population, with the remainder consisting of a few ethnic minorities included in Kazakhs.

As soon as he was elected in 1271, Pope Gregory received a letter from the Mongol Great Khan Kublai, remitted by Niccolo and Matteo Polo following their travels to his court in Mongolia.

* 1229 – Ögedei Khan is proclaimed Khagan of the Mongol Empire in Kodoe Aral, Khentii: Mongolia.

His encyclopedic knowledge of a wide range of cultures from Mongolia to China to the Steppes of Central Eurasia to Persia, the Arab lands, and Europe, provide the most direct access to information on the late Mongol era.

* 1264 – Kublai Khan, supreme leader of the Mongol Empire, moves the empire's capital from Karakorum in Mongolia to the Chinese city of Khanbaliq ( now Beijing ).

In Mongolia, Buddhism was flowered into Nomadic land for three times during the Hunnu ( 1-3 centuries BC ), Mongol Empire ( 13-14 centuries ), Manchu Empire ( 16-19 centuries ) from Tibet in last 2000 years.

* Subutai, Mongol general, involved in campaigns from the unification of Mongolia to the Battle of Mohi

The term by which this subjection is commonly designated, the Mongol or Tatar " yoke ", suggests ideas of terrible oppression, but in reality these nomadic invaders from Mongolia were not such cruel, oppressive taskmasters as is generally supposed.

The Silk Road gave rise to the clusters of military states of nomadic origins in North China, invited the Nestorian, Manichaean, Buddhist, and later Islamic religions into Central Asia and China, created the influential Khazar Federation and at the end of its glory, brought about the largest continental empire ever: the Mongol Empire, with its political centers strung along the Silk Road ( Beijing in North China, Karakorum in central Mongolia, Sarmakhand in Transoxiana, Tabriz in Northern Iran, Sarai and Astrakhan in lower Volga, Solkhat in Crimea, Kazan in Central Russia, Erzurum in eastern Anatolia ), realizing the political unification of zones previously loosely and intermittently connected by material and cultural goods.

On the other hand, the Phagspa script of the Mongol Empire was based closely on the Tibetan abugida, but all vowel marks were written after the preceding consonant rather than as diacritic marks.

Prior to the bubonic plague epidemic known as the Black Death, Mongol and Turkish armies were reported to have catapulted disease-laden corpses into besieged cities.

It was long thought that Saluki type sighthounds were originally brought to Russia from Byzantium in the South about the 9th and 10th centuries and again later by the Mongol invaders from the East.

Neo-feudal landholdings of the Song and Mongol periods were expropriated by the Ming rulers.

The mobility and shock value of the cavalry was greatly appreciated and exploited in armed forces in the Ancient and Middle Ages ; some forces were mostly cavalry, particularly in nomadic societies of Asia, notably the Mongol armies.

In 1258, when both North China and the Islamic world were part of the Mongol Empire, Hulagu Khan established an observatory in Maragheh for the astronomer Nasir al-Din al-Tusi at which a few Chinese astronomers were present, resulting in the Chinese-Uighur calendar that al-Tusi describes in his Zij-i Ilkhani.

The 7 Mongol princes were sent by Jani Beg khan to assist Poland.

When populations were quickly decreased by causes such as the Black Death or devastating warfare ( for example, Genghis Khan's Mongol hordes in eastern and central Europe, Thirty Years ' War in Germany ), this could lead to settlements being abandoned.

After India was invaded by the Mongol Khans and Turkic Muslims, the rulers of their major states on the subcontinent were titled Sultān, In this manner, the only empress-regnant ever to have actually sat on the throne of Delhi was Razia Sultan.

During the Middle Ages, Muslims were in conflict with Zoroastrians during the Islamic conquest of Persia ; Christians were in conflict with Muslims during the Byzantine-Arab Wars, Crusades, Reconquista and Ottoman wars in Europe ; Christians were in conflict with Muslims during the Crusades, Reconquista and Inquisition ; Shamans were in conflict with Buddhists, Taoists, Muslims and Christians during the Mongol invasions ; and Muslims were in conflict with Hindus and Sikhs during Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent.

In 1223, the disunited southern princes faced a Mongol raiding party at the Kalka River and were soundly defeated.

This flowering of Islamic learning ceased centuries later when learning began declining in the Islamic world, after many of these libraries were destroyed by Mongol invasions.

Yahballaha III ( 1245 – 1317 ) and Rabban Bar Sauma ( c. 1220-1294 ) were famous Mongol ( part-Turkic ) Nestorian Christians.

This location was auspicious, as the wealthy Byzantine Empire was weakening to his West, while in the east, Muslim forces under the Seljuk Turks were splintered and distracted in the face of relentless Mongol aggression and internal bickering.

The Mongol Ilkhanate leader Abaqa sent a delegation with over a dozen members to the 1274 Council of Lyon, where plans were made for possible military cooperation between the Mongols and the Europeans.

First, the Eight Banners were under the direct control of the emperor and hereditary Manchu and Mongol princes, leaving the ministry only with authority over the Green Standard Army.

However, appointees were at first restricted only to candidates of Manchu and Mongol ethnicity, until later open to Han Chinese as well.

Banner Armies were broadly divided along ethnic lines, namely Manchu and Mongol.

Rus ' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states ; most of the Rus ' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde.