The only foreign troops who joined him were those of King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia and the combined forces of some French Knights Templars and Hospitallers ; some sources report that at the last moment, however, they stopped their troops close to Legnica, probably fearing that the Christian Army would become an easy prey to the Mongolian troops ; the tradition that the Teutonic Knights were also represented by a small contingent is today disputed.

" tale ") are still active today in the Gesar belt of China, Tibetan, Mongolian, Buryat, and Tu singers maintain the oral tradition and the epic has attracted intense scholarly curiosity as one of the few oral epic traditions to survive as a performing art.

Despite the age of the tradition, the oldest extant text of the epic is actually the Mongolian woodblock print commissioned by the Qing Emperor Kangxi in 1716.

19th Century Mongolian distemper painting with highlights of gold, depicting Shakyamuni flanked by Avalokiteśvara and Manjushri The form of Manjushri depicted here, is not wielding the characteristic flaming sword, but there are many forms of the eight great bodhisattvas, some are based on the Indian tradition, and other from visions of historical masters.

Although the near entirety of the ethical code contained in the Altan Tobchi is authentically Mongolian or nomadic and thus derives from the sayings of Genghis Khan or nomadic tradition, there are also a few quotations here and there taken from Indian ethical works and Yuan dynasty Tibetan-inspired state ideology ( i. e. the Teaching of the Two Orders, of Kublai Khan ).

He spent thirteen years studying Buddhism and Philosophy under the guidance of Professor Fang Tung-mei ( 方東美 ), Changkya Khutukhtu ( 章嘉呼圖克圖 a master in Mongolian Buddhist tradition ), and lay teacher Lee Ping-nan ( 李炳南 ).

The Mongolian archery tradition may be continuous, but archery was officially outlawed in Mongolia after it was conquered by the Manchu dynasty.

Whereas the Mongolian Nadam preserved the nomadic features of horse race, wrestling, and archery, the Monguor Nadun has encoded their history through masked dance performances and presents as an annual military drill combined with joyful celebrations of harvest.

The games are Mongolian wrestling, horse racing and archery and are held throughout the country during the midsummer holidays.

Women have started participating in the archery and girls in the horse-racing games, but not in Mongolian wrestling.

Mongolian archery is unique for having not only one target, but hundreds of beadrs or surs on a huge wall.

This development is characterized by profound artistry during peaceful eras, and renewed focus on durability, utility, and mass production during the intermittent periods of warfare, most notably civil warfare during the 12th century and the Mongolian invasions during the 13th century ( which in particular saw the transition from mostly horseback archery to hand to hand ground fighting ).

The Turkish, Mongolian, and Korean bows were standardized when archery lost its military function and became a popular sport.

Wrestling is the most important of the Mongolian culture's historic " Three Manly Skills ", that also include horsemanship and archery.

* 1281 – Mongol invasion of Japan: The Mongolian fleet of Kublai Khan is destroyed by a " divine wind " for the second time in the Battle of Kōan.

The word " Aymāq " is Mongolian meaning " tribe " or " grazing territory ".

Mongolian hotpot is very famous in China and popular with the Han ethnic group too.

An alternative method is to define the region based on ethnicity, and in particular, areas populated by Eastern Turkic, Eastern Iranian, or Mongolian peoples.

The koto ( 箏 ) is a traditional Japanese stringed musical instrument, similar to the Chinese zheng, the Mongolian yatga, the Korean gayageum and the Vietnamese đàn tranh.

In the mythology of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples, the wolf is a revered animal.

The Mongolian spot which is common among Mongols, is looked upon proudly as a distinguishing feature of the ethnic group.

The lowest is 518 metres, an otherwise undistinguished spot in the eastern Mongolian plain.

Mongols distinguish Gobi from desert proper, although the distinction is not always apparent to outsiders unfamiliar with the Mongolian landscape.

Mining is the principal industrial activity in Mongolia, making up 30 % of all Mongolian industry.

They state that Mongolia is set to become the new Asian Tiger, or " Mongolian Wolf " as they prefer, and are " unstoppable ".

Because Mongolia is sparsely populated and a significant portion of the population still lives a nomadic lifestyle, it has been difficult for many traditional ICTs to make headway into Mongolian society.

A separate railway line exists in the east of the country between Choibalsan and the Trans-Siberian at Borzya ; however, that line is closed to passengers beyond the Mongolian town of Chuluunkhoroot.

It has been noted that Atilla the Hun of the Hunnic Empire was a pagan according to Roman records, however it is also thought that monotheistic Tengriism was practiced by the Mongolian Empire before the advent of Buddhism which explicitly rejected a creator god.

A similar story is told, for example, in Jewish sources about King David, and in Persian folklore about the Mongolian warlord Tamerlane and an ant.

Taiga (; ; from Turkic or Mongolian ), also known as the boreal forest, is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines, spruces and larches.

Bowed instruments may have originated in the equestrian cultures of Central Asia, an example being the Kobyz () or kyl-kobyz is an ancient Turkic, Kazakh string instrument or Mongolian instrument Morin huur:

In Central Asia, The Secret History of Mongols is regarded as the single significant native Mongolian account of Genghis Khan.

* The Kara-Khitan Khanate is destroyed by Genghis Khan's Mongolian cavalry.

The oldest, called simply the Mongolian script, has been the predominant script during most of Mongolian history, and is still in active use today in the Inner Mongolia region of China.

The traditional Mongolian alphabet is not a perfect fit for the Mongolian language, and it would be impractical to extend it to a language with a very different phonology like Chinese.

Phagpa extended his native Tibetan script to encompass Mongolian and Chinese ; the result was known by several descriptive names, such as the Mongolian new script, but today is known as the ' Phags-pa script.

One of the oldest attested Chinese names is Kūnmò 昆莫 ; in Han-dynasty documents it was referred to as Yīwú 伊吾 or Yīwúlú 伊吾卢, in the Tang dynasty as Yīzhōu 伊州 ; in the Yuan dynasty the Mongolian name for the place, Qamil, was transcribed into Chinese as Hāmìlì 哈密力 and from the Ming dynasty Qumul was known as Hāmì 哈密.

As originally formulated by Castrén, Altaic included not only Turkic, Mongolian, and Manchu-Tungus (= Tungusic ) but also Finno-Ugric and Samoyed.

The name or title Dalai Lama in Mongolian may also have derived originally from the title taken by Temüjin or Genghis Khan when he was proclaimed emperor of a united Mongolia during 1206.

The World Health Organization ( WHO ) officially dropped references to " Mongolism " in 1965 after a request by the Mongolian delegate.

Mongolia was driven into deep recession, which was prolonged by the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party's ( MPRP ) reluctance to undertake serious economic reform.

After leaving university, he began working as a DJ in 1985 with his " Mongolian Hip Hop Show " on pirate radio station Network 21 in London-the handle Mixmaster Morris was suggested by the station director.

The reply of Baichu was in accordance with that of Güyük, but it was accompanied by two Mongolian envoys to the Papal seat in Lyon, Aïbeg and Serkis.

While North American teams were shut out of communist Mongolia during the Cold War, expeditions by Soviet and Polish scientists, in collaboration with Mongolian colleagues, recovered several more specimens of Velociraptor.

American scientists returned to Mongolia in 1990, and a joint Mongolian-American expedition to the Gobi, led by the American Museum of Natural History and the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, turned up several well-preserved skeletons.

Following the Mongolian invasion of Anatolia facilitated by the Sultanate of Rûm's defeat at the 1243 Battle of Köse Dağ, Islamic mystic literature thrived in Anatolia, and Yunus Emre became one of its most distinguished poets.

* July 22 – First round of the Mongolian legislative election, the first multiparty ever held in Mongolia ; the Mongolian People's Party wins by a wide margin after the second round of voting on July 29.

The Soyombo script is an abugida created by the Mongolian monk and scholar Bogdo Zanabazar in the late 17th century, that can also be used to write Tibetan and Sanskrit.

The newly established Turkic Council, founded on November 3, 2009 by the Nakhchivan Agreement Mongolian confederation, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkey, aims to integrate these organizations into a tighter geopolitical framework.

In August 1945, Mengkiang was taken by Soviet and Outer Mongolian troops during Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation.

By the end of WWII, the Inner Mongolian faction of the ComIntern had a functional militia, and actively opposed the attempts at independence by De Wang's Chinggisid princes on the grounds of fighting feudalism.

The Ek-tagh or Mongolian Altai, which separates the Khovd basin on the north from the Irtysh basin on the south, is a true border-range, in that it rises in a steep and lofty escarpment from the Dzungarian depression ( 470 – 900 m ), but descends on the north by a relatively short slope to the plateau ( 1, 150 to 1, 680 m ) of north-western Mongolia.

From the Mongolian plateau the ascent is on the whole gentle, but from the plains of Siberia it is much steeper, despite the fact that the range is masked by a broad belt of subsidiary ranges of an Alpine character, e. g. the Usinsk, Oya, Tunka and Kitoi ranges.

In the 13th century, the Tibetan Buddhist teachers of the Sakya school, led by Sakya Pandita Kunga Gyaltsen took part in a religious debate with Christians and Muslims before the Mongolian royal court.