Also in 1934 William Dawson's Negro Folk Symphony was the second work by an African-American composer to be performed by a major orchestra – the Philadelphia Orchestra.

Talented as a linguist, poet, musician and composer of many Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League ( UNIA ) songs, Ford co-authored The Universal Ethiopian Anthem with Benjamin E. Burrell.

Edward Boatner ( 1898 — 1981 ) was an African-American composer who wrote many popular concert arrangements of Negro spirituals.

The early output of the composer included violin compositions and spiritual arrangements such as Forty Negro Spirituals ( 1927 ) and Traditional Negro Spirituals ( 1940 ).

Appearing as " The Prince of Negro Songwriters ," he was invited to give command performances for Queen Victoria and the Prince of Wales, and that after Stephen Foster, Bland is " the most distinguished creator of sentimental songs about the Negro and the South " and the " first major black popular song composer " to emerge from the black minstrel show.

As the lead singer, el Negro ( The dark one ), as his friends called him, not only was an instant success because of his distinctive voice, but also became very admired as a talented composer.

* 1971 – Satchel Paige becomes the first Negro League player to be voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.

In 1936, Robinson won the junior boys singles championship in the annual Pacific Coast Negro Tennis Tournament and earned a place on the Pomona annual baseball tournament all-star team, which included future Hall of Famers Ted Williams and Bob Lemon.

This powerful and unprecedented statement from the Hall of Fame podium was " a first crack in the door that ultimately would open and include Paige and Gibson and other Negro League stars in the shrine.

** Satchel Paige becomes the first Negro League player to become voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame from the Negro League.

In his Baseball Hall of Fame induction speech in 1966, Ted Williams made a strong plea for inclusion of Negro league stars in the Hall.

After the publication of Robert Peterson's landmark book Only the Ball was White in 1970, the Hall of Fame found itself under renewed pressure to find a way to honor Negro league players who would have been in the Hall had they not been barred from the major leagues due to the color of their skin.

At first, the Hall of Fame planned a " separate but equal " display, which would be similar to the Ford C. Frick Award for baseball commentators, in that this plan meant that the Negro league honorees would not be considered members of the Hall of Fame.

The Hall relented and agreed to admit Negro league players on an equal basis with their Major League counterparts in 1971.

Other members of the Hall who played in both the Negro leagues and Major League Baseball are Hank Aaron, Ernie Banks, Roy Campanella, Larry Doby, Willie Mays, and Jackie Robinson.

Except for Doby, their play in the Negro leagues was a minor factor in their selection: Aaron, Banks, and Mays played in Negro leagues only briefly and after the leagues had declined with the migration of many black players to the integrated minor leagues ; Campanella ( 1969 ) and Robinson ( 1962 ) were selected before the Hall began considering performance in the Negro leagues.

From 1995 to 2001, the Hall made a renewed effort to honor luminaries from the Negro leagues, one each year.

Effa Manley, co-owner ( with her husband Abe Manley ) and business manager of the Newark Eagles ( New Jersey ) club in Negro National League, is the first woman elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame.

* Ted Williams Museum and Hitters Hall of Fame ( including " The Negro Leagues " wing )

* Josh Gibson, Negro Leagues baseball player and Hall of Famer

* Baseball Hall of Famer and Negro League pitcher Hilton Smith played for Fulda's semi-pro baseball team in 1949 and 1950.

* John Preston " Pete " Hill, Negro league baseball player and member of the Baseball Hall of Fame, was born in nearby Buena, Virginia.

In 1950, black gospel was featured at Carnegie Hall when Joe Bostic produced the Negro Gospel and Religious Music Festival.

The book brings pressure on Major League Baseball to recognize the African-American players from Negro league baseball by honoring its stars in the Baseball Hall of Fame.

" In Washington, Lincoln planted a seed in his mind, saying he was impressed to hear that Johnson was giving consideration to raising a Negro military force.

*" The Creation ," a 1927 poem by James Weldon Johnson, published in God's Trombones: Seven Negro Sermons in Verse

In 1966, the US First Lady, Lady Bird Johnson, denounced the racist name, asking the U. S. Board on Geographic Names and the U. S. Forest Service to rename it, becoming " Colored Mountain " in 1968 ; and in West Texas, " Dead Nigger Creek " was renamed " Dead Negro Draw ".

A special Negro league committee selected Satchel Paige in 1971, followed by ( in alphabetical order ) Cool Papa Bell, Oscar Charleston, Martín Dihigo, Josh Gibson, Monte Irvin, Judy Johnson, Buck Leonard and John Henry Lloyd.

In 1960, with Lemuel Bentley, Bennett Johnson, Luster Jackson and others, Washington founded the Chicago League of Negro Voters.

* Judy Johnson, was a major player in the Negro Baseball Leagues and later a scout in the major leagues.

In a profile of Lady Bird Johnson, Time magazine described Lady Bird's mother as " a tall, eccentric woman from an old and aristocratic Alabama family, liked to wear long white dresses and heavy veils and who scandalized people for miles around by entertaining Negroes in her home, and once even started to write a book about Negro religious practices, called Bio Baptism.

* Johnson, Charles S., " Bitter Canaan: The Story of the Negro Republic ", Transaction Books, New Brunswick, NJ, 1987.

* Judy Johnson ( Negro Leagues )

Robert Winslow Gordon, Lomax's predecessor at the Library of Congress, had written ( in an article in the New York Times, c. 1926 ) that, " Nearly every type of song is to be found in our prisons and penitentiaries " Folklorists Howard Odum and Guy Johnson also had observed that, " If one wishes to obtain anything like an accurate picture of the workaday Negro he will surely find his best setting in the chain gang, prison, or in the situation of the ever-fleeing fugitive.

" Lift Every Voice and Sing " — often called " The Negro National Hymn ", " The Negro National Anthem ", " The Black National Anthem ", or " The African-American National Anthem "— is a song written as a poem by James Weldon Johnson ( 1871 – 1938 ) and set to music by his brother John Rosamond Johnson ( 1873 – 1954 ) in 1900.

Later in the twenties, he served as the arranger of Yamekraw, a " Negro Rhapsody " composed by the noted Harlem Stride pianist, James P. Johnson.

* Byron " Mex " Johnson ( 1911 – 2005 ), American baseball player in the Negro leagues

* Charles Johnson ( Negro Leagues ) ( 1909 – 2006 ), Negro League pitcher and outfielder

William Julius " Judy " Johnson ( October 26, 1899 or 1900 – June 15, 1989 ) was an American third baseman in Negro league baseball.

After being a dock worker during World War I, Johnson began his baseball career in 1918, reaching the top-level Negro leagues in 1921 with Hilldale, a team for which he played through 1929.

Along with Ray Dandridge and Ghost Marcelle, Johnson was one of the greatest fielding third basemen in the Negro leagues.

Johnson retired in 1973 and was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in, the sixth Negro leaguer so honored.

* MLB. com Negro Leagues Legacy: Judy Johnson

Its members included Nannie and Walter Bowe, Harold Cruse ( who was then working on The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual, 1967 ), Tom Dent, Rosa Guy, Joe Johnson, LeRoi Jones, and Sarah E. Wright, among others.