* Bermudez, Enrique, " The Contras ' Valley Forge: How I View the Nicaraguan Crisis ", Policy Review magazine, The Heritage Foundation, Summer 1988.

* Bermudez, Enrique, The Contras ' Valley Forge: How I View the Nicaraguan Crisis, Policy Review magazine, The Heritage Foundation, Summer 1988.

In 1985, as U. S. support was flowing to the mujahideen, Savimbi's UNITA, and the Nicaraguan contras, columnist Charles Krauthammer, in an essay for Time magazine, labeled the policy the " Reagan Doctrine ," and the name stuck.

During the 1980s the magazine generally supported President Ronald Reagan's anti-Communist foreign policy, including provision of aid to the Nicaraguan Contras.

* SER ( magazine ), a Nicaraguan magazine of fashion and lifestyle published by MADERA & Co.

* Owen Williamson, Nicaraguan Guerrilla Victory, Military History magazine, August 1999 issue.

The United States, which did not participate in the merits phase of the proceedings, maintained that the ICJ's power did not supersede the Constitution of the United States and argued that the court did not seriously consider the Nicaraguan role in El Salvador, while it accused Nicaragua of actively supporting armed groups there, specifically in the form of supply of arms.

It alleged that Americas Watch gave too much credence to alleged Contra abuses and systematically tried to discredit Nicaraguan human rights groups such as the Permanent Commission on Human Rights, which blamed the major human rights abuses on the Sandinistas.

The Somoza family also controlled the PLN, which in turn controlled the legislature and judicial system, thus giving Somoza absolute power over every sphere of Nicaraguan politics.

Recently, in March 2007, Poland and Nicaragua signed an agreement to write off $ 30. 6 million which was borrowed by the Nicaraguan government in the 1980s.

Nicaraguan labor force is estimated at 2. 261 million of which 29 % is occupied in agriculture, 19 % in the industry sector and 52 % in the service sector ( 2008 ).

Nicaraguan exports to the United States, which account for 59 % of Nicaragua ’ s total exports, were $ 1. 7 billion in 2008, up 45 % from 2005.

The relationship between the two Latin American countries has evolved amid conflicts over the San Andrés y Providencia Islands located in the Caribbean sea close to the Nicaraguan shoreline and the maritime boundaries covering 150, 000 km² that included the islands of San Andres, Providencia and Santa Catalina and the banks of Roncador, Serrana, Serranilla and Quitasueño as well as the arbitrarily designed 82nd meridian west which Colombia claims as a border but which the International Court has sided with Nicaragua in disavowing.

# Decides that the United States of America, by certain attacks on Nicaraguan territory in 1983-1984, namely attacks on Puerto Sandino on 13 September and 14 October 1983, an attack on Corinto on 10 October 1983 ; an attack on Potosi Naval Base on 4 / 5 January 1984, an attack on San Juan del Sur on 7 March 1984 ; attacks on patrol boats at Puerto Sandino on 28 and 30 March 1984 ; and an attack on San Juan del Norte on 9 April 1984 ; and further by those acts of intervention referred to in subparagraph ( 3 ) hereof which involve the use of force, has acted, against the Republic of Nicaragua, in breach of its obligation under customary international law not to use force against another State ;

It later formed an alliance, called the Nicaraguan Democratic Force ( FDN ), which comprised other groups including MISURASATA and the Nicaraguan Democratic Union.

Some of those organizations were the Socialist Party ( 1963 ), Federación Democrática ( which support the FSLN in rural areas ), and Luisa Amanda Espinoza Association of Nicaraguan Women (, AMNLAE ).

The change in government also resulted in the drastic reduction or suspension of all Nicaraguan social programs, which brought back the burdens characteristic of pre-revolutionary Nicaragua.

The information was provided by the Nicaraguan Pro Human Rights Association, which had received its first complaint in June 1990.

The Inter-Church Committee on Human Rights in Latin America ( ICCHRLA ) in its Newsletter stated in 1985 that: " The hostility with which the Nicaraguan government is viewed by the Reagan administration is an unfortunate development.

At WCCN, Rampton helped establish the Nicaraguan Credit Alternatives Fund ( NICA Fund ) in 1992, which channels loans from US investors to support microcredit and other " alternative credit " programs in Nicaragua.

Following the 1931 Nicaragua earthquake, Groves took over responsibility for Managua's water supply system, for which he was awarded the Nicaraguan Presidential Medal of Merit.

Following the 1931 Nicaragua earthquake, Groves took over responsibility for Managua's water supply system, for which he was awarded the Nicaraguan Presidential Medal of Merit.

As part of his effort to gain Congressional support for the Nicaraguan contras, Reagan labeled the contras " the moral equivalent of our founding fathers ," which was controversial because the contras had shown a disregard for human rights.

) Doral's Nicaraguan community had the twenty-sixth highest percentage of residents, which comprised 1. 69 % of the population.

Goulds ' Nicaraguan community had the thirty-sixth highest percentage of residents, which was at 1. 15 % of the population.

) Key Biscayne's Nicaraguan community had the forty-second highest percentage of residents, which was at 1. 02 % of the US population.

The concepts of freedom, liberty, and democracy are prominent themes in all of his works, which were influential on the Nicaraguan poet, Rubén Darío and the Chilean poet, Gabriela Mistral.

The film is set in an alternate 1980s in which the United States is invaded by the Soviet Union and its Cuban and Nicaraguan allies.

However, since the contras failed to win widespread popular support or military victories within Nicaragua, since opinion polls indicated that a majority of the U. S. public was not supportive of the contras, since the Reagan administration lost much of its support regarding its contra policy within Congress after disclosure of CIA mining of Nicaraguan ports, and since a report of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research commissioned by the State Department found Reagan's allegations about Soviet influence in Nicaragua " exaggerated ", Congress cut off all funds for the contras in 1985 by the third Boland Amendment.

The issue of drug money and its importance in funding the Nicaraguan conflict was the subject of various reports and publications.

Despite opposing the United States in favour of the Sandanistas on the country's northern border, stern warnings against the US Bay of Pigs invasion, along with repelling Nicaraguan dictator Somoza's invasion after turning to the Organization of American States, and border disputes with Nicaragua, Costa Rica has held firmly to its belief against ever having a military.

# Decides that the United States of America, by directing or authorizing over Rights of Nicaraguan territory, and by the acts imputable to the United States referred to in subparagraph ( 4 ) hereof, has acted, against the Republic of Nicaragua, in breach of its obligation under customary international law not to violate the sovereignty of another State ;

# Decides that the United States of America, by the attacks on Nicaraguan territory referred to in subparagraph ( 4 ) hereof, and by declaring a general embargo on trade with Nicaragua on 1 May 1985, has committed acts calculated to deprive of its object and purpose the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the Parties signed at Managua on 21 January 1956 ;

# Decides that the United States of America, by the attacks on Nicaraguan territory referred to in subparagraph ( 4 ) hereof, and by declaring a general embargo on trade with Nicaragua on 1 May 1985, has acted in breach of its obligations under Article XIX of the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the Parties signed at Managua on 21 January 1956 ;

The Nicaraguan Canal Commission carried out the most thorough hydrological survey yet of the San Juan river and its watershed, and in 1899 concluded that an interocean project was feasible at a total cost of US $ 138m.

This caused concern about its possible effects on a Nicaraguan canal.

The five-member junta entered the Nicaraguan capital the next day and assumed power, reiterating its pledge to work for political pluralism, a mixed economic system, and a nonaligned foreign policy.

Moreover, the ministry created a Sandinista daily newspaper named Barricada and its weekly cultural addition named Ventana along with the Television Sandino, Radio Sandino and the Nicaraguan film production unit called the INCINE.

The Front, named after Augusto César Sandino ( a Nicaraguan rebel leader in the 1920s ), began its guerrilla war against the Somozas in 1963 and was funded by Cuba under Fidel Castro and the Soviet Union.

It had the seventeenth highest percentage of Nicaraguan residents in the US, at 2. 27 % of the population, and the ninety-seventh highest percentage of Colombian residents in the US, at 1. 70 % of its population.

It had the seventy-second highest percentage of Colombian residents in the US, at 2. 09 % of the town's population, and the twenty-third highest percentage of Nicaraguan residents in the US, at 2 % of the its population.

It had the thirty-third highest percentage of Colombian residents in the US, at 3. 89 % of the city's population, and the twenty-second highest percentage of Nicaraguan residents in the US, at 2. 06 % of the its population.

It also had the seventy-seventh highest percentage of Colombian residents in the US, at 1. 99 % of the population, and the twenty-fifth highest percentage of Nicaraguan residents in the US, at 1. 80 % of its population.

It had the seventy-ninth highest percentage of Puerto Rican residents in the US, at 10 % of the population, and the twenty-first highest percentage of Nicaraguan residents in the US, at 2. 15 % of its population.

It had the twelfth highest percentage of Nicaraguan residents in the US, at 2. 89 % of the population, and the fifty-fourth highest percentage of Colombian residents in the US, at 2. 64 % of its population ( tied with Allegheny, Pennsylvania.

It had the thirty-first highest percentage of Haitian residents in the US, at 6. 0 % of the population ( tied with Miramar ), and the ninth highest percentage of Nicaraguan residents in the US, at 3. 58 % of its population.

In the north, its boundary skirted the Wawa River ; in the west, it corresponded with the eastern limit of the Nicaraguan highlands ; in the south, it followed the Río Rama.