In the patrilineal tribes, such as the Omaha, Osage and Ponca, hereditary leadership passed through the male line, and children were considered to belong to the father and his clan.

They are most closely related to the Chiwere peoples ( the Ioway, Oto, and Missouria ), and more distantly to the Dhegiha ( Quapaw, Kansa, Omaha, Ponca, and Osage ).

Being of Siouan linguistic stock, the Osage, Quapaw, Omaha, Ponca and Kansa tribes comprise this subgroup.

These included the Arikara, Hidatsa, Iowa, Kaw ( or Kansa ), Kitsai, Mandan, Missouria, Nez Perce, Omaha, Osage, Otoe, Pawnee, Ponca, Quapaw, Santee, Wichita, and Yankton.

The Osage left the main group in central Missouri ; the Kaw halted upstream on the Missouri River in northeastern Kansas ; the Omaha and Ponca continued north to settle in Nebraska and South Dakota.

The Iowa have had customs similar to those of the other Siouan-speaking tribes of the Great Plains, such as the Omaha, Ponca and Osage.

Before extensive European contact, some of the Caddo territory was invaded by migrating Osage, Ponca, Omaha and Kaw, who had moved west beginning about 1200 CE because of years of warfare with the Iroquois in the Ohio River area of present-day Kentucky.

These include the Arikara, Hidatsa, Iowa, Kaw ( or Kansa ), Kitsai, Mandan, Missouria, Omaha, Osage, Otoe, Pawnee, Ponca, Quapaw, Wichita, and the Santee, Yanktonai and Yankton Sioux.

Siouan-speaking tribes such as the Omaha, Osage, Quapaw and Kaw also have traditions of having migrated to the West from east of the Mississippi River.

They are of Siouan linguistic stock, speaking the same language, spoken also with dialectic variants, by the Osage and Kansa ( Kaw ) in the south and by the Omaha and Ponca in Nebraska.

According to concurrent tradition of the cognate tribes, the Quapaw and their kinsmen originally lived far east, possibly beyond the Alleghenies, and, pushing gradually westward, descended the Ohio River -- hence called by the Illinois the " river of the Akansea " – to its junction with the Mississippi, whence the Quapaw, then including the Osage and Kansa, descended to the mouth of the Arkansas, while the Omaha, with the Ponca, went up the Missouri.

) The Kaw are closely related to the Osage Nation and Ponca tribes ( who first settled in Nebraska ), being from the same tribe before migrating from the Ohio valley in the mid-17th century.

* Ponca speak one of the Siouan languages and are closely related to the Osage Nation and Kaw tribes.

According to one legend, local Native American tribes — Ponca, Kiowa, Osage, Pawnee — called the creek “ Still Water ” because the water was always still.

At Ponca City, US 60 enters Osage County, leaving it at Bartlesville.

The 2nd Annual Dhegia Gathering in 2012 brought Osage, Kaw, Quapaw, Ponca & UmoNhoN speakers together to share best practices in language revitaliztion.

The settlement of several tribes in the eastern part of the Cherokee Outlet ( including the Kaw, Osage, Pawnee, Ponca, and Tonkawa tribes ) separated it from the Cherokee Nation proper and left them unable to use it for grazing or hunting.

These included the Osage, Kaw, Ponca and other Siouan-language tribes.

The term Ponca was the name of a clan among the Kansa, Osage, and Quapaws.

The reservation, of, is coterminous with present-day Osage County, Oklahoma in the north-central portion of the state between Tulsa, Oklahoma and Ponca City, Oklahoma.

In February 1877, eight Ponca chiefs, including Standing Bear, accompanied Inspector Edward C. Kemble to the Osage Reservation to select a site.

Sponsored by fifteen tribes ( Apache, Arapaho, Caddo, Cheyenne, Comanche, Delaware, Fort Sill Apache, Iowa, Kiowa, Osage, Otoe-Missouri, Pawnee, Ponca, Sac & Fox, and Wichita ), representatives from up to fifty other tribes participate in any given year.

The tribe owns its own Bah-Kho-Je Gallery that represents Iowa artists, such as Jean Bales ( Iowa ), David Kaskaske ( Iowa-Otoe-Missouri ), and Daniel Murray ( Iowa / Otoe ), as well as artists from related tribes, such as Mars Biggoose ( Ponca ), Gina Gray ( Osage Nation ), and others.

His maternal ancestry was three-quarters ' Native American, of ethnic Kaw, Osage and Pottawatomie ancestry.

His mother, Ellen Papin ( also spelled Pappan ), was one-fourth French, one-fourth Kaw, one-fourth Osage, and one-fourth Pottawatomie.

On his mother's side, Curtis was a descendant of Kaw Chief White Plume and Osage Chief Pawhuska.

At the time of European contact, historical tribes in the area included the Missouri, Osage, Kaw, Otoe and others.

" The Kaw are closely related to the Osage Nation, with whom members often intermarried.

Curtis ' mother Ellen Pappan Curtis was one-quarter each of Kaw, Osage, Potawatomi and French ancestry.

Following this transformation, the Kansa ( sometimes Kaw ) and Osage Nation ( originally Ouasash ) arrived in Kansas in the 17th century.

Exposed limestone formations and those close to the surface have made cultivation difficult and thus the Flint Hills have survived much as they were when they were an Indian hunting ground for tribes such as the Wichita, Osage, and Kaw.

One of Pawhuska ’ s daughters married Kaw chief White Plume and thus established a lasting peace between the Osage and Kaw.

The area now known as Bentonville's first known use by humans was as hunting grounds by the Osage Indians who lived in Missouri.

Native Americans roamed the area freely before Arkansas was a territory, the Cherokee and Osage lived in this area that would later become attractive to settlers.

" Jesuit Missionaries from Osage Mission ( now St. Paul, Kansas ) who worked among the Osages called the village " Little Town ," probably because the band of Osages who lived in the village were of the " Little Osage " division of the Osage People.

A study of the baptismal records of the Jesuits at Osage Mission reveals that several white or mixed white and Osage families lived in or near Little Town before the Civil War.

One family of mixed Osage blood that lived at Little Town before the Civil War was the John Mathews family, who operated a blacksmith / gunsmith shop on the site and ran a trading post.

The Osage Tribe lived in the area around Des Peres.

The Big Osage had 1250 men in their village, and lived in the prairie.

The Osage for their part became a more significant player in the development of Missouri history ; they lived along the Osage River in Vernon County, Missouri and near the Missouri village in Saline County.

Like the Missouri, the Osage lived in semi-permanent villages, and they also both had acquired horses.

In the northwest of the Comancheria lived the opposing Ute and Shoshone, to the northeast settled the enemy and powerful Osage and in the north the also antagonistic Pawnee.

Descendants of indigenous peoples who had been in North America for thousands of years, the Osage traditions and linguistic data show they were part of a group of Dhegian-Siouan speaking people who lived in the Ohio River valley area, extending into present-day Kentucky.

Having lived with the Osage for many years and learned their language, Jean Pierre Chouteau traded with them and made his home at present-day Salina, Oklahoma, in the western part of their territory.

He lived on a farm between Osage, and St. Ansgar, Iowa for quite some time.