* 1916 – World War I: The British 6th Indian Division surrenders to Ottoman Forces at the Siege of Kut in one of the largest surrenders of British forces up to that point.

In 1710 he convinced the Ottoman Sultan Ahmed III to declare war against Russia, and the Ottoman forces under Baltacı Mehmet Pasha won a major victory at the Battle of Prut.

* 1916 – World War I: Battle of Romani – Allied forces, under the command of Archibald Murray, defeat an attacking Ottoman army under the command of Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein, securing the Suez Canal and beginning the Ottoman retreat from the Sinai Peninsula.

* 1770 – The Georgian king Erekle II, abandoned by his Russian ally Count Totleben, wins a victory over Ottoman forces at Aspindza.

He developed a reputation as a military commander during wars with Russia and the Ottoman Empire, as an early modernizer of Persia's armed forces and institutions, and for his death before his father, Fath Ali Shah.

After a failed Ottoman counter-attack in the Western-Thracian front, Bulgarian forces with the help of the Serbian Army managed to conquer Adrianople while Greek forces managed to take Ioannina after defeating the Ottomans in the battle of Bizani.

The Serbs and the Greeks had a military advantage on the eve of the war because their armies confronted comparatively weak Ottoman forces in the First Balkan War and suffered relatively light casualties while the Bulgarians were involved in heavy fighting in Thrace.

When the Byzantine forces saw the entire Ottoman army get on their knees to pray, the Byzantine army was witnessing how united the Ottoman Turks were and this worried them.

The French occupation was short-lived as British and Ottoman forces, including a sizable Albanian contingent, recaptured the country in 1801.

For example, in the 1543 Siege of Nice the Ottoman forces led by Barbarossa conquered and pillaged the town itself and took many captives-but the city castle held out, due to which the townspeople were accounted the victors.

In the Middle East, during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign mounted forces ( British, Indian, Ottoman, Australian, Arab and New Zealand ) retained an important strategic role both as mounted infantry and cavalry.

In Egypt the New Zealand Mounted Rifles and Australian Light Horse of Anzac Mounted Division operating as mounted infantry, drove German and Ottoman forces back from Romani to Magdhaba and Rafa and out of the Egyptian Sinai Peninsular in 1916.

Al-Ghazi's forces and their Ottoman allies came close to extinguishing the ancient Ethiopian kingdom, but the Abyssinians managed to secure the assistance of Cristóvão da Gama's Portuguese troops and maintain their domain's autonomy.

* 1832 – Egyptian – Ottoman War: Egyptian forces decisively defeat Ottoman troops at the Battle of Konya.

Additionally, the Ottoman forces lost 70 artillery pieces, 30 machine guns and 70, 000 rifles ( Thessaloniki was the central arms depot for the Western Armies ).

The Ottoman forces estimated that 15, 000 officers and men had been killed during the campaign in south Macedonia, bringing total losses up to 41, 000 soldiers.

The clashes there were short-lived as the Ottoman forces withdrew to the Anatolian mainland, so that the island was securely in Greek hands by 16 March.

Two days later he led his forces out, hoping again to trap the patrolling Greek destroyers between two divisions of the Ottoman fleet, one heading for Imbros and the other waiting at the entrance of the straits.

Napoleon defeated the Ottoman forces during the Battle of the Pyramids ( 21 July 1798 ) and sent hundreds of scientists and linguists out to thoroughly explore modern and ancient Egypt.

Under a red flag bearing Skanderbeg's heraldic emblem, an Albanian force held off Ottoman campaigns for twenty-five years and overcame sieges of Krujë led by the forces of the Ottoman sultans Murad II and Mehmed II.

Almost all of Bulgaria's 500, 000-man standing army was positioned against these two countries, on two fronts – western and southern, while the borders with Romania and the Ottoman Empire were left almost unguarded.

A series of coordinated attacks by these Egyptian Expeditionary Force infantry and mounted troops were also successful at the Battle of Mughar Ridge, during which the British infantry divisions and the Desert Mounted Corps drove two Ottoman armies back to the Jaffa — Jerusalem line.

Prince Menshikov called the attention of the Turks to the fact that during the Russo-Turkish War ( 1768 – 1774 ), the Russians had occupied the Turkish controlled provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia on the north bank of the Danube River, but he reminded them that pursuant to the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, however, the Russians had returned these " Danubian provinces " to Ottoman control in exchange for the right to protect the Christian sites in the Holy Land.

In the strategic point of view these victories were enabled partially by the weakened condition of the Ottoman armies brought about by the active presence of the Greek army and fleet.

Similar sorties followed on 10 and 11 January, but the results of these " cat and mouse " operations were always the same: " the Greek destroyers always managed to remain outside the Ottoman warships ' range, and each time the cruisers fired a few rounds before breaking off the chase.

The Young Turk revolution brought these movements to the front, hoping that the reform of Ottoman Empire would lead to broader reforms.

The Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan had exchanged ambassadors with the Ottoman Sultan Murad IV, it was through these exchanges that he received Isa Muhammad Effendi and Ismail Effendi, two Turkish architects and students of the famous Koca Mimar Sinan Agha.

Out of these Ottoman soldiers rose the Janissaries ( yeni ceri ; " new soldier "), from which they also recruited many of their heavy infantry.

But in spite of these difficulties, the Empire remained a major expansionist power until the Battle of Vienna in 1683, which marked the end of Ottoman expansion into Europe.

The influx of Ghazi warriors and adventurers of differing backgrounds into these lands spurred subsequent Ottoman rulers to title themselves " Sultan of Ghazis ".

In the Ottoman Empire, these ideological reforms did not take place and these views did not integrate into common thought until much later.

To take one example, the nation now known as Iraq intentionally joined together three Ottoman vilayets, uniting Kurds in the north, Sunni Arabs in the center, and Shia Arabs in the south, in an effort to present a strong national buffer state between Turkey and Persia: over these was placed a foreign king from the Hashemite dynasty native to the Hijaz.

The greatest of these were built by the Sultan's chief architect, Mimar Sinan, under whom Ottoman architecture reached its zenith.

The Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan had exchanged ambassadors and documents with the Ottoman Sultan Murad IV, it was through these exchanges led by the Mughal ambassador Sayyid Muhiuddin and his counterpart the Ottoman ambassador Arsalan Agha, that Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan received Mimar Yusuf, Isa Muhammad Effendi and Ismail Effendi, two Turkish architects and students of the famous Koca Mimar Sinan Agha.

Unlike common law, judges ' verdicts do not set binding precedents under the principle of stare decisis, and unlike civil law, sharia does not utilize formally codified statutes ( these were first introduced only in the late 19th century during the decline of the Ottoman Empire, cf.

Total Ottoman population losses from 1914 – 1922 were approximately 5 million including the Spanish flu deaths, the Turkish War of Independence from 1919 – 1922 and the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey, these other population losses are not included with the casualties of World War I.

Ottoman refusal to accept these terms led to the Battle of Navarino, which effectively secured complete Greek independence.

In some ways, these tactics echoed those of the Ottoman sipahis and akinci.

During the years preceding the second siege ( the first one was in 1529 ), under the auspices of grand viziers from the influential Köprülü family, the Ottoman Empire undertook extensive logistical preparations this time, including the repair and establishment of roads and bridges leading into the Holy Roman Empire and its logistical centers, as well as the forwarding of ammunition, cannon and other resources from all over the Ottoman Empire to these logistical centers and into the Balkans.

It is believed that these Arabs were settled here during the 18th century by the Ottoman Empire.

After these talks, Codrington withdrew to the nearby British-controlled Ionian island of Zante ( Zakynthos ), leaving a frigate off Navarino to keep watch on the Ottoman fleet.

As a result of these, Allied gun-crews could fire more powerful, more frequent and more accurate cannonades than their Ottoman counterparts.