) The 4. 433619 MHz and 17. 734475 MHz values are used in PAL color television equipment and devices intended to produce PAL signals.

PAL devices have been installed on all or nearly all nuclear devices in the US arsenal, including the Minuteman ICBM, MGM-13A Mace Tactical Ballistic Missile, CGM-13B Mace Tactical Ballistic Missile, Sergeant, Pershing, and WAC Corporal missiles as well as the Nike-Hercules, Honest John rockets, the Davy Crockett system, and artillery-launched howitzer rounds.

Some CPLDs are programmed using a PAL programmer, but this method becomes inconvenient for devices with hundreds of pins.

Many PAL programming devices accept input in a standard file format, commonly referred to as ' JEDEC files '. They are analogous to software compilers.

The term refers to devices capable of displaying 480-line or 576-line signals in progressive scan, commonly referred to as 480p ( NTSC ) and 576p ( PAL ) respectively, as opposed to interlaced scanning, commonly referred to as 480i ( NTSC ) or 576i ( PAL ).

The company initially focused on the design and development of high speed CMOS SRAMs, EEPROMs, PAL devices, and TTL logic devices.

PAL devices consisted of a small PROM ( programmable read-only memory ) core and additional output logic used to implement particular desired logic functions with few components.

Using specialized machines, PAL devices were " field-programmable ".

( MMI also offered a similar family called HAL, or " hard array logic ", which were like PAL devices except that they were mask-programmed at the factory.

PAL devices have arrays of transistor cells arranged in a " fixed-OR, programmable-AND " plane used to implement " sum-of-products " binary logic equations for each of the outputs in terms of the inputs and either synchronous or asynchronous feedback from the outputs.

This fixed output structure often frustrated designers attempting to optimize the utility of PAL devices because output structures of different types were often required by their applications.

This one device could replace all of the 24 pin fixed function PAL devices.

Though some engineers programmed PAL devices by manually editing files containing the binary fuse pattern data, most opted to design their logic using a hardware description language ( HDL ) such as Data I / O's ABEL, Logical Devices ' CUPL, or MMI's PALASM.

In general one GAL part is able to function as any of the similar family PAL devices.

These devices extended the PAL architecture by including multiple logic planes and / or burying logic macrocells within the logic plane ( s ).

The term " complex programmable logic device " ( CPLD ) was introduced to differentiate these devices from their PAL and GAL predecessors, which were then sometimes referred to as " simple programmable logic devices " or SPLDs.

** NTSC ( DTV2 and later: NTSC / PAL on chip, only PAL wired in end-market devices )

A team of MMI engineers, under the direction of Ze ' ev Drori and headed by John Birkner and H. T. Chua, invented the class of devices known as Programmable Array Logic ( PAL ).

The European / Australian PAL ( Phase Alternation Line rate ) and the French-Former Soviet Union SECAM ( Séquentiel Couleur Avec Mémoire ) standard were developed later and attempt to cure certain defects of the NTSC system.

* A third theory suggests that Nepal came from compounding the words NE, which means wool, and PAL, which means a tented house ; a long time ago, Nepal used to produce a lot of wool and the houses were used to store the wool — hence the word NE-PAL.

According to this explanation, East German political authorities were well aware of West German television's popularity and adopted SECAM rather than the PAL encoding used in West Germany.

At a later stage, countries where both PAL and SECAM signals were available ( notably the Middle East, hence the Acronym " Middle East SECAM "), developed a cheap method of converting PAL VHS machines to record SECAM signals also using the PAL circuitry.

Two games, Darxide and FIFA Soccer ' 96, were only released for the PAL 32X.

Although there was no full-scale PAL region release of the system, imported PC Engine consoles were largely available in France and Benelux through major retailers thanks to the unlicensed importer Sodipeng ( Société de Distribution de la PC Engine, a subsidiary of Guillemot International ).< ref >

By the spring of 2004, all PAL systems were equipped with the Code Management System.

Television on VHF was in black and white with 405-line format ( although there were experiments with all three colour systems — NTSC, PAL, and SECAM — adapted for the 405-line system in the late 1950s and early 60s ).

Because of the differences in international broadcasting, these copies had been converted to the North American NTSC television standard, and so one chunk of the series remained in its native PAL format, but the majority were found in a poorly-converted ( dating long before digital conversion methods ) NTSC state.

Because they were taken from PAL-based transfers, without correction, these releases exhibit the so-called " 576i speedup " effect in which the soundtrack plays 4 % too fast resulting in the pitch being a half-step higher than it was originally ( see PAL and Telecine for more information ).

In North America and Europe / PAL regions, the two games were released as a single retail collection, while in Japan, they were released as separate titles.

Ironically, by the time PAL broadcasts commenced in 1967, advances in glassmaking techniques had dropped the cost of precision PAL delay lines so much that hardly any simple-PAL receivers were built commercially, and virtually all SECAM receivers used the same type of delay line as PAL receivers.

The first regular color broadcasts in Europe were by the United Kingdom's BBC2 beginning on July 1, 1967 ( PAL ).

Until 2004, Japanese residents were able to send their systems to Nintendo directly for repairs / belt replacements, but Nintendo of America and the PAL regions do not service them ( as the system was not released in those regions ).

The games were released on PAL only for PS2, Nintendo DS, and Wii ( called Mr. Bean's Wacky World ).

HD-MAC was still at the laboratory stage and was incompatible with previous standards: HD-MAC transmissions could not be received by existing television sets, which were based on PAL or SECAM standards in Europe.

Its D-MAC receivers were more expensive than Sky's PAL equivalents and incompatible with them.

However its D-MAC receivers were more expensive than Sky's PAL equivalents and incompatible with them.

In UK, VHF channels were kept on the old 405-line system, while UHF was used solely for 625-line broadcasts ( which later used PAL colour ).

In NTSC and PAL, hue is represented by a phase shift of the chrominance signal relative to the color burst, while saturation is determined by the amplitude of the subcarrier.

Chrominance is represented by the U-V color plane in PAL and SECAM video signals, and by the I-Q color plane in NTSC.

Without using overscan, the Amiga's graphics display is 320 or 640 pixels wide by 200 ( NTSC ) or 256 ( PAL ) pixels tall.

Located in London, UK, Square Europe was granted exclusive publishing rights in Europe and other PAL territories for all interactive entertainment titles developed by Square.

Aside from the high-definition transfer, the 2008 BFI releases are identical-the apparent five-minute difference in running time is explained by the Blu-ray running at the theatrical speed of 24 frames per second, while the DVD has been transferred at the slightly faster PAL video rate of 25 frames per second.

Though most of the pattern is removed from PAL and NTSC-encoded signals with a comb filter ( designed to segregate the two signals where the luma spectrum may overlap into the spectral space used by the chroma ) by modern displays, some can still be left in certain parts of the picture.

PAL was developed by Telefunken, a German company, and in the post-war De Gaulle era there would have been much political resistance to dropping a French-developed system and adopting a German-developed one instead.

However, East Germans responded by buying PAL decoders for their SECAM sets.

The luminance signal is recorded in its original form ( albeit with some reduction of bandwidth ) but the PAL chrominance signal of about 4. 4 MHz is too sensitive to small changes in frequency caused by inevitable small variations in tape speed to be recorded directly ( NTSC suffers from the same problem ).

Nevertheless, it is exceeded in rarity by the European PAL versions of the games Primal Rage and T-Mek.

In the case of modern television receivers, no other technique was able to produce the precise bandpass characteristic needed for vestigial sideband reception, similar to that used in the NTSC system approved by the U. S. Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) in 1953, and the PAL system approved by the BBC in 1957.

In modern-day digital terminology, NTSC VHS is roughly equivalent to 333x480 pixels luma and 40x480 chroma resolutions ( 333x480 pixels = 159, 840 pixels or 0. 16MP ( 1 / 6 of a MegaPixel ))., while PAL VHS offers the equivalent of about 335x576 pixels luma and 40x240 chroma ( the vertical chroma resolution of PAL is limited by the PAL color delay line mechanism ).

Additionally, bootleg copies of the film in NTSC format, converted either from the UK PAL videotape or from a Dutch version based on the laserdisc, with subtitles made by amateurs, are widely available and have been sold in the United States at retail outlets and on online auctions with no legal action being taken by The Walt Disney Company.

It belongs to the family of languages inspired by Hypercard, with influences from PAL ( wherever functionality could be kept the same ), Smalltalk, and Garnet ( a UI language created by Brad Myers ).

The stronglinks include the ruggedization of some components and inclusion of insensitive munitions so that they will not be circumvented by fire, vibration, or magnetic fields, leaving the PAL vulnerable to bypass after such damage.

For television signals, the actual gamma values are defined by the video standards ( NTSC, PAL or SECAM ), and are always fixed and well known values.