When the PNP lost power in 1980 Edward Seaga immediately began to reverse the policies of his predecessor, bringing in privatization and seeking closer ties with the USA.

Supporters of his opponent Edward Seaga and the Jamaica Labour Party ( JLP ) and Manley's People's National Party ( PNP ) engaged in a bloody struggle which began before the 1976 election and ended when Seaga was installed as Prime Minister in 1980.

* December 31 – A coup d ' état in Ghana removes President Hilla Limann's PNP government and replaces it with the PNDC led by Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings.

what is now known as the " PNP point-contact germanium transistor " operated as a speech amplifier with a power gain of 18 in that trial.

An IGBT cell is constructed similarly to a n-channel vertical construction power MOSFET except the n + drain is replaced with a p + collector layer, thus forming a vertical PNP bipolar junction transistor.

This additional p + region creates a cascade connection of a PNP bipolar junction transistor with the surface n-channel MOSFET.

A similar configuration but with transistors of opposite type ( NPN and PNP ) is the Sziklai pair, sometimes called the " complementary Darlington.

The PNP government in 1974 also formed the Jamaica Movement for the Advancement of Literacy ( JAMAL ), which administered adult education programs with the goal of involving 100, 000 adults a year.

Seaga's administration had fallen out of favor – both with the electorate and the US – and the PNP was re-elected.

In the 29 December 2011 general election, the PNP was returned to power with 42 of the 63 seats in Jamaica's parliament.

A recount with official results cost the former agriculture minister, Dr. Christopher Tufton, his seat, putting the PNP at 42 and the JLP at 21.

* Available in a single polarity only whereas transistors are available in complementary polarities ( e. g., NPN / PNP ), making possible many circuit configurations that cannot be realized directly with valves.

The constant current needed can be produced by connecting an element ( resistor ) with very high resistance between the shared emitter node and the supply rail ( negative for NPN and positive for PNP transistors ) but this will require high supply voltage.

This, in turn, causes the p, n and p layers over MT2 to behave like a PNP transistor, which turns on because its n-type base becomes forward-biased with the emitter ( MT2 ).

It went on to win the 1949 elections with a reduced majority, before losing power to the PNP in the 1955 elections.

Seaga became Prime Minister of Jamaica following the General Election of October 30, 1980, when the Jamaica Labour Party won a landslide victory over the incumbent People ’ s National Party ( PNP ) with the largest mandate ever.

The group " Estadistas Unidos ", the statehood supporters who broke rank with García Méndez to participate at the plebiscite, adopted the palm tree as a potential party symbol when they incorporated the PNP.

With the independence of Ghana in 1957, the PNP sought with this police the support of the educated elite as the party to lead a transition to independence.

In the November 15, 1976 general elections, Fabien Roy was the only PNP candidate elected, while Choquette was defeated, placing third in his riding with 14. 2 % of the vote, behind the Liberal and Parti Québécois candidates.

Biron went further, and stated that as he had been elected leader of the UN “ with a great majority ”, he would continue in that role into the election and past it and that the new party would be called the Union Nationale, indicating that the PNP would be absorbed by the UN, rather than a merger creating a new party.

Of the PNP ’ s candidates, only two won more than 1, 000 votes: Fabien Roy who was re-elected with 17, 600 ( 69 % of the total ) in Beauce Sud, and Choquette, who won only 3, 726 votes ( 14 % of the total ) in his former riding of Outremont.

The PNP emerged victorious from the following by-elections, but on 24 July 1986, the governor dissolved the government and replaced it with an advisory council after a report on allegations of arson and fraud found that the chief minister post-Saunders, Nathaniel Francis, along with four other PNP officials were unfit to rule.

Choquette ’ s PNP movement had failed to catch on, and Biron ’ s leadership of the UN had not been successful.

Ultimately, Puerto Rico, while under the PNP leadership of Governor Rosselló, held a status referendum on December, 1998, using criteria from the Bill, despite the lack of a Bill's approval.

On July 5, 2007, Parga announced that, rather than file for reelection under the PNP banner, he would aspire to become the first independent candidate to win an election to the Senate and put all his Senate leadership positions at McClintock's disposal.

In 2004 the BKV merged with the Party of National Unity ( PANU ), also a Ba-based party, to form the People's National Party ( PNP ) under the leadership of former Cabinet Minister Meli Bogileka, and was officially deregistered on 14 August 2005.

Immediately after committing Jamaican troops to Ronald Reagan's invasion of Grenada in 1983, Seaga called a snap election – two years early – on the pretext that Dr Paul Robertson, General Secretary of the PNP, had called for his resignation.

On September 24, 1979 the government of People ’ s National Party ( PNP ) led by Dr. Hilla Limann was inaugurated.

Limann's PNP government announced yet another ( 2-year ) reconstruction program, emphasizing increased food production and productivity, exports, and transport improvements.

The People's National Party ( PNP ) was founded in 1938.

Michael Manley was the first PNP prime minister in 1972.

When the PNP and Manley returned to power in 1989 they continued the more moderate policies and were returned in the elections of 1993 and 1998.

Manley resigned for health reasons in 1992 and was succeeded as leader of the PNP by Percival Patterson.

The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party ( PNP ) was founded in 1922.

The New Progressive Party ( PNP ) was founded in August, 1967 by Luis A. Ferré, a month after the July 23, 1967 local plebiscite and the year before the PNP won the 1968 elections.

The New Progressive Party ( PNP ) supported the White House Report's conclusions and supported bills to provide for a democratic referendum process among Puerto Rico voters.

In solid state electronics all of these techniques can be used, and phase inversion can also be produced by the use of NPN / PNP complementary circuitry, which has no corresponding technique in vacuum tube designs.

These regions are, respectively, p type, n type and p type in a PNP transistor, and n type, p type and n type in an NPN transistor.

The symbol of a PNP BJT.

The other type of BJT is the PNP, consisting of a layer of N-doped semiconductor between two layers of P-doped material.

That is, a PNP transistor is " on " when its base is pulled low relative to the emitter.

The arrows in the NPN and PNP transistor symbols are on the emitter legs and point in the direction of the conventional current flow when the device is in forward active mode.

A mnemonic device for the PNP transistor symbol is pointing in ( proudly / permanently ), based on the arrows in the symbol and the letters in the name.

The most obvious groups opposing the government were former PNP and PFP members.

Although he has had limited success at the voting booth regarding his candidacy for the colonial post of Governor of Puerto Rico in 1976, 1980, 1988, 2000 and 2004-losing every time to either the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) or the New Progressive Party ( PNP ) candidate-he nevertheless has enjoyed great electoral success regarding his candidacy to the Senate, receiving more votes than any other candidates in the Puerto Rican senatorial elections of 1972, 1984, 1992 and 1996.