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The Papal fleet under Admiral Marco Grimani ( Patriarch of Aquileia ) and the Venetian fleet under Vincenzo Capello arrived first.
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Papal and fleet
A 20, 000 strong army under Papal legate William of Modena crossed the frozen sea while the Saaremaa fleet was icebound, in January 1227.
* Early October – Action of October 1624: A Tuscan / Papal / Neapolitan galley fleet defeats the Algerians near Sardinia.
* October 7 – Battle of Lepanto: Spanish, Venetian, and Papal naval forces under Don John of Austria defeat the Turkish fleet of Ali Monizindade Pasha.
Papal, Venetian and Genoese ships had blockaded the Dardanelles as the Hungarian army was to advance on Varna, where it would meet the Papal fleet and sail down the coast to Constantinople, pushing the Ottomans out of Europe.
The porticoes were frescoed, probably not earlier than the 12th century, commemorating the Roman fleet under Vespasian, the taking of Jerusalem, the Baptism of the Emperor Constantine and his " Donation " of the Papal States to the Church.
Two months later, the naval forces of the Holy League, composed mainly of Venetian, Spanish, and Papal ships under the command of Don John of Austria, defeated the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto in one of the decisive battles of world history.
Two months later, the naval forces of the Holy League, composed mainly of Venetian, Spanish, and Papal ships under the command of Don John of Austria, defeated the Turkish fleet at the Battle of Lepanto in one of the decisive battles of world history.
The naval Battle of Matapan took place on 19 July 1717 off the Cape Matapan, on the coast of the Mani Peninsula in southern Greece, between the combined naval forces of Venice, Portugal, the Papal States and Malta and the Ottoman fleet, under Kapudan Pasha Eğribozlu İbrahim.
Papal and under
Gregory took it under the Papal protection, assured to it the possession of all property it might acquire, and endowed it with exemption from the authority of the ordinary.
In his Papal Bull Ad extirpanda of 1252, Pope Innocent IV authorised the Dominicans ' use of torture under prescribed circumstances.
Simultaneously Protestant Reformation under German Martin Luther questioned Papal authority.
The Pope had been forced out of Rome as part of the Revolutions of 1848, and Louis Napoleon sent a 14, 000 man expeditionary force of troops to the Papal State under General Nicolas Charles Victor Oudinot to restore him.
Plano Carpin, an envoy of the Papal states, and William Rubruck, an envoy of France, all wrote about their life under the Mongols.
With the last of the Order's leaders gone, the remaining Templars around Europe were either arrested and tried under the Papal investigation ( with virtually none convicted ), absorbed into other military orders such as the Knights Hospitaller, or pensioned and allowed to live out their days peacefully.
Papal intervention through the legate Ottobuono finally resulted in the compromise of the Dictum of Kenilworth, under which the rebels were allowed to re-purchase their confiscated lands provided they surrendered the castle ; the siege ended on 14 December 1266.
The Papal bull issued by Pope Innocent IV establishing Lithuania's placement under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, and discussing Mindaugas ' baptism and coronation
His son Virginio was a famous admiral for the Papal States and France, but in 1539 he had his fiefs confiscated under the charge of treason.
His grandfather, Marcantonio Pacelli, had been Under-Secretary in the Papal Ministry of Finances and then Secretary of the Interior under Pope Pius IX from 1851 – 70 and helped found the Vatican's newspaper, L ' Osservatore Romano in 1861.
The main effect of the bull was to evict Jews who had returned to areas of the Papal States ( mainly Umbria ) after 1586 ( following their expulsion in 1569 ) and to expel Jewish communities from cities like Bologna ( which had been incorporated under papal dominion since 1569 ).
The cardinals being under some haste and great pressure to avoid the return of the Papal seat to Avignon, Prignano was unanimously chosen Pope on 8 April 1378 as acceptable to the disunited majority of French cardinals, taking the name Urban VI.
The Pope dispatched a Papal legate to the Frankish nobles, instructing them to acknowledge Louis, and to cease their rebellious actions against him, under threat of excommunication.
Other letters that Innocent III sent during this attempt to mandate and secure the papal proprietor as the universal authority by demeaning and attempting to minimize the authority of the emperors were written under the title “ Papal Policies ”:
Ludovico took the occasion of driving off cattle that were grazing outside the walls, and the Papal party were pursued by furious Romans, losing thirty members, whose bodies were abandoned in the flight, including the Abbot of Perugia, struck down under the eyes of the Pope.
By the end of the year Sancho VII had dropped out of the war under Papal pressure.
On 15 December, Henry delivered an agreement under which Stephen would grant extensive freedoms and liberties to the church, in exchange for the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Papal Legate supporting his succession to the throne.
Italian unification under the leadership of Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi dissolved the political entity of the Papal States in 1870.
His work in this period became the subject of controversy, and many scholars have thought that Ockham was summoned before the Papal court of Avignon in 1324 under charges of heresy.
* November 23 – Spanish – German – Papal forces under Prosper Colonna force French Marshal Odet de Lautrec to abandon Milan.
After a short period under an Imperial vicar, Ravenna was returned to the Papal States in 1248 and again to the Traversari until, in 1275, the Da Polenta established their long-lasting seigniory.
In a change of policy towards the papacy, Otto III bestowed the governance of the city upon Pope Sylvester II as part of the Papal States but under the overlordship of the Holy Roman Empire.
It brought under Papal protection and confirmed as a religious order the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem, later known as the Knights Hospitaller and today known as the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta.
Papal and Marco
What kept him from being in the first rank of composers may have been his succession of employments in backwater areas — for example he never held a post at San Marco, and his stay in Ferrara coincided with the takeover of that formerly avant-garde musical center by the Papal States.
In 1863, Rattazzi was replaced by Marco Minghetti, who leveraged on the facts of Aspromonte to negotiate a treaty with France ( the September Convention ) whereby Italy would protect the frontiers of the Papal States against foreign attacks, and France would withdraw its troops from Rome within two years.
An impassioned preacher and a skillful mediator, Marco d ' Aviano played a crucial role in resolving disputes, restoring unity, and energizing the armies of the so-called ' Holy League ,' which included Austria, Poland, Venice, and the Papal States under the leadership of the Polish king Jan III Sobieski.
Papal and Grimani
Doria's galleys formed a long line behind them, in front of the Papal and Venetian galleys of Grimani and Capello.
Papal and Patriarch
1 ) from the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem and Papal legate St. Albert of Jerusalem.
Upon relinquishing in 2006 the title of Patriarch of the West, Pope Benedict XVI renamed these basilicas from " Patriarchal Basilicas " to " Papal Basilicas ".
The schism is conventionally dated to 1054, when the Patriarch of Constantinople and the Papal Legate Humbert of Mourmoutiers issued mutual excommunications that have since been revoked.
Even after a Papal edict instructing Tripoli to fall under the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Jerusalem, it did not.
The addition of " and the Son " was ( along with the Papal supremacy and some other questions ) one of the causes for the East – West Schism formalized in 1054 by simultaneous proclamations of " Anathema " by the Bishop of Rome ( Pope ) in the West and the leadership of the Orthodox Churches ( Patriarch ) in the East.
Anastasius, the Papal Librarian, composed a Historia tripartita in Latin, from the chronicles of George Syncellus, Theophanes Confessor, and Patriarch Nicephorus.
The Primate of the Church holds the office of Archbishop-Major of Kiev-Halych and All Rus, though the hierarchs of the church have acclaimed their primate " Patriarch " and have requested Papal recognition of, and elevation to, this title.
Due to various conflicts arising during the replacement of Patriarch Ignatius of Constantinople by Photius, the Council of Constantinople ( 867 ) was convened via Photius, to address the question of Papal Supremacy over all of the churches and their patriarchs and the use of the Filioque.
In 1451, upon the death of Domenico Michel, Patriarch of Grado, Pope Nicholas V suppressed the patriarchate and the Bishopric of Castello, incorporating them both in the new Patriarchate of Venice by the Papal Bull " Regis aeterni.
Following Byzantine Emperor Manuel II and Patriarch Joseph II's request for legation, Fonseca was sent to Constantinople as a Papal Legate in 1420.
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