The queen of Egypt lent him the money he needed for the army, and after capturing Jerusalem and surrounding areas in 37 BC, he installed Herod as puppet king of Judaea, replacing the Parthian appointee Antigonus.

Antony then invaded Parthian territory with an army of about 100, 000 Roman and allied troops but the campaign proved a disaster.

After defeats in battle, the desertion of his Armenian allies and his failure to capture Parthian strongholds convinced Antony to retreat, his army was further depleted by the hardships of its retreat through Armenia in the depths of winter, losing more than a quarter of its strength in the course of the campaign.

In the winter of 130 / 129 BC, his army was scattered in winter quarters throughout Media and Persis when the Parthian king, Phraates II, counter-attacked.

* Vologases I leads the Parthian army in a full-scale assault on the Euphrates, Legio X Fretensis and men of the other two legions ( Legio III Gallica and Legio VI Ferrata ) defending the eastern bank of the river, fighting off a desperate attack.

* The Roman army marched east to repel a Parthian invasion of Mesopotamia, they loot the royal palace at Ctesiphon and capture an enormous number of its inhabitants as slaves.

" You will find in it many chapters aptly suited to your present counsels, concerning the choice of army commanders, the interests of allies, the protection of provinces, the discipline of the soldiers, the qualifications required for commanders in the field and elsewhere [...]" To settle his unease over the course of the Parthian war, Fronto wrote Marcus a long and considered letter, full of historical references.

The Parthian army dispersed in the Tigris ; their general Chosrhoes swam down the river and made his hideout in a cave.

The new Parthian ruler, Phraates II, had not been idle ; raising a new army while stirring up rebellion in the Seleucid occupied towns of Media.

The Parthian army that defeated the Romans at Carrhae in 53 BC operated primarily as a combined arms team of cataphracts and horse archers against the Roman heavy infantry.

* 40 BCE: Antigonus, son of Hasmonean Aristobulus II and nephew of Hyrcanus II, offers money to the Parthian army to help him recapture the Hasmonean realm from the Romans.

In 115, II Traiana Fortis was incorporated in the large army used for Trajan's Parthian Campaign.

Tigranes retired to the northern regions of his kingdom to gather another army and defend his hereditary capital of Artaxata, while Lucullus moved off south-eastwards to the kingdom of the Kurds ( Korduene ) on the frontiers of the Armenian and Parthian empires.

The sight of the dreaded Parthian cavalry so panics the defecting Romans that they go back over to Livius, swelling his army and allowing him to score an immense victory.

It was originally populated largely by Parthian veterans of the Roman army who were granted lands in return for years in service.

The title was probably borrowed from the Parthian ( Arsacid ) and Sassanian Persian army position Spahbod, or Eran Spahbod, which was the Commander of cavalry / knights as well as Commander-in-Chief of the Persian military.

He also had 120, 000 infantrymen and 12, 000 mounted archers, which were also an important feature of the Parthian army.

At this encounter, the Parthian army was completely defeated, and Artabanus IV was killed.

The Syrian army accounted for three legions of the Roman army, defending the Parthian border.

By year ’ s end, Cassius had travelled to the south and crossed Mesopotamia at its narrowest point and proceeded to attack the twin Parthian cities on the Tigris river, Seleucia on the right bank, and Ctesiphon, the Parthian capital, on the left.

The Syrian city of Dura-Europos on the West bank of the Euphrates was an outpost town between the Roman and Parthian empires.

* The governor of Syria, Avidius Cassius, one of Lucius Verus ' generals, crosses the Euphrates and invades Parthian territory.

* In the first diplomatic contact between Rome and Parthia, Sulla meets with a Parthian envoy, resulting in the parties recognizing Euphrates as a common frontier.

* Parthian invasion into Roman Syria ; Publius Ventidius Bassus defeats Pacorus, at the crossing of the Euphrates in the Battle of Cyrrhestica.

Severianus led a legion ( perhaps the IX Hispana ) into Armenia, but was trapped by the great Parthian general Chosrhoes at Elegia, a town just beyond the Cappadocian frontiers, high up past the headwaters of the Euphrates.

The Seleucid empire had been disintegrating in the face of the Seleucid – Parthian wars and in 129 BCE Antiochus VII Sidetes was killed in Media by the forces of Phraates II of Parthia, permanently ending Seleucid rule east of the Euphrates.

Parthian armies thus repeatedly repelled Roman incursions across the Euphrates, due in large part to the Roman's ineptness in dealing with mobile warfare and particularly cataphracts.

He served as military tribune in Thrace, Macedonia, Greece and the East, and in AD 2 was present at the interview on the Euphrates between Gaius Caesar, grandson of Augustus, and the Parthian king Phraataces.

Dura-Europas was a small garrison and trading city on the river Euphrates, and usually on the frontier between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Parthian and finally the Sassanid Empires of Persia.

Since the 1st century BC, the border between the Roman ( later Byzantine ) and Parthian ( later Sassanid ) empires had been the Euphrates river.

The Parthians restored their territory to nearly the limits of the old Achaemenid Empire, Labienus proclaimed himself " Parthian Emperor " of Asia Minor.

* Marcus Antonius dispatched Publius Ventidius Bassus with 11 legions to the East and drives Quintus Labienus out of Asia Minor, he retreats into Syria, where he received Parthian reinforcements.

* Alce, who was said to have killed the young Oebalus of Arcadia, son of Ida ( otherwise unknown ), with her spear during the Parthian War.

By 150 BC, Assyria was under the control of the Parthian Empire as Athura ( the Parthian word for Assyria ) where the Assyrian city of Ashur seems to have gained a degree of autonomy, and temples to the native gods of Assyria were resurrected.

That he was highly respected by the Gentiles as well as by the Jews of Babylonia is proved by the friendship which existed between him and the last Parthian king, Artaban ( Avodah Zarah 10b ).

Gregory was the son of the Armenian Parthian nobles Anak and Okohe.

His son Diadumenianus, sent for safety to the Parthian court, was captured at Zeugma and also put to death.

Successively ruled by the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian, Medo-Persian, Seleucid and Parthian empires during the Iron Age and Classical Antiquity, Iraq was

It is noteworthy that Mani, who was brought up and spent most of his life in a province of the Persian empire, and whose mother belonged to a famous Parthian family, did not make any use of the Iranian mythological tradition.

But by now, Antony was skeptical of Octavian's true support of his Parthian cause.

Later during the Parthian or Sassanid periods, the Baghdad Battery, which may have been the world's first battery, was created in Mesopotamia.

Between 625 BC and 226 AD, the northern side was dominated by a succession of Persian empires including the Median, Achaemenid, Seleucid and Parthian empires.

The name rose comes from French, itself from Latin rosa, which was perhaps borrowed from Oscan, from Greek ρόδον rhodon ( Aeolic βρόδον wrodon ), related to Old Persian wrd -, Avestan varəda, Sogdian ward, Parthian wâr, Armenian vard.

The following year was devoted to suppressing Mesopotamia and other Parthian vassals who had backed Niger.

The Parthian capital Ctesiphon was sacked by the legions and the northern half of Mesopotamia was annexed to the Empire.

For another 400 years, until AD 410, the Kushan Empire was a major power in the region along with the Roman Empire, the Parthian Empire and the Han Empire ( China ).

In Persia, the Parthian Empire was succeeded by the Sassanid Empire.

Ctesiphon rose to prominence during the Parthian Empire in the 1st century BC, and was the seat of government for most of its rulers.

The Roman general Avidius Cassius captured Ctesiphon in 164 during another Parthian war, but abandoned it when peace was concluded.

It has long been maintained that the foundation of Seleucia diverted the population to the new capital of Babylonia, and that the ruins of the old city became a quarry for the builders of the new seat of government, but the recent publication of the Babylonian Chronicles of the Hellenistic Period has shown that urban life was still very much the same well into the Parthian age ( 150 BC to 226 AD ).

The account given in Plutarch's biography of Crassus also mentions that, during the feasting and revelry in the wedding ceremony of Artavazd's sister to the Parthian king Orodes II's son and heir Pacorus in Artashat, Crassus ' head was brought to Orodes II.

The first use of the lance in this sense was made by the Sarmatian and Parthian cataphracts from ca.