The culmination of Islamic dominance in the region occurred in 1557 when an Ottoman invasion during the time of Suleiman I and under Özdemir Pasha ( who had declared the province of Habesh in 1555 ) took the port city of Massawa and the adjacent city of Arqiqo, even taking Debarwa, then capital of the local ruler Bahr negus Yeshaq ( ruler of Midri Bahri ).

In May 1801, Pasha Yusuf Karamanli demanded from the United States an increase in the tribute ( then $ 83, 000 ) which the US government had paid since 1796 for the protection of US commerce from piracy by Ottoman tribes along the North African coast.

In 1681 and 1682, clashes between the forces of Imre Thököly and the Holy Roman Empire ( of which the border was then northern Hungary ) intensified, and the incursions of Habsburg forces into Central Hungary provided the crucial argument of Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha in convincing the Sultan, Mehmet IV and his Divan, to allow the movement of the Ottoman Army.

The leader of this rebellion, Alemdar Mustafa Pasha, then became Mahmud II's vizier.

He began by defeating the Ottoman general Ali Pasha, and then penetrated into Bosnia, capturing the newly built fortress of Jajce after a long and obstinate defence ( December 1463 ).

The House of Zogu is a European dynasty founded by Zogu Pasha who migrated to Mati, Albania in the late 15th century and was then appointed Governor of Mati by the Ottoman Sultan, with the position of Governor then becoming hereditary among the Zogu clan.

Following his resignation, Naguib was then isolated by President Nasser in a Cairo's suburb villa owned by Zienab Al-Wakil, wife of Mustafa an-Nahhas Pasha, ex-Prime Minister of Egypt.

Muhammad Ali Pasha had triggered the Oriental Crisis of 1840 by declaring himself Khedive of Egypt, which had been until then a province of the Ottoman Empire.

When Hakki Pasha died in 1873, Emin went back to Neisse with the pasha's widow and children, where he passed them off as his own family, but left suddenly in September 1875, reappearing in Cairo and then departing for Khartoum, where he arrived in December.

The Emin Pasha Relief Expedition, led by Henry Morton Stanley, undertook to rescue Emin by going up the Congo River and then through the Ituri Forest, an extraordinarily difficult route that resulted in the loss of two-thirds of the expedition.

He was overthrown by Essad Pasha in 1914, and then by the Congress of Lushnjë in 1920.

Mackinnon then approached J. F. Hutton, a business acquaintance also involved in colonial activities, and together they organized the " Emin Pasha Relief Committee ", mostly consisting of Mackinnon's friends, whose first meeting was on 19 December 1886.

The Pasha then observed that we had given a great deal to Algiers and Tunis .... he hoped the United States would neglect him as six or eight vessels of the value of his would amount to a much larger sum than ever he expected to get from the United States for remaining at Peace.

* Anna ( 1447 – after 1463 ), who married Zagan Pasha and then Sinan

The affair drew wide international attention in particular due to the efforts of the Austrian Consul in Aleppo Eliahu Picciotto, who made representations to Ibrahim Pasha, who then ordered an investigation.

The affair drew wide international attention in particular due to the efforts of the Austrian Consul in Aleppo Eliahu Picciotto who made representations to Ibrahim Pasha, Muhammad Ali's son in Egypt, who then ordered an investigation.

The Albanian commander Thir Pasha then repaired to the citadel, gaining admittance through an embrasure, and from there began a counter bombardment of the pasha's forces over the roofs of the intervening houses.

For one day and a half Khosrev enjoyed the title ; then the friends of the late Thir Pasha succeeded in killing him.

The Albanians then invited Ahmed Pasha Khorshid to assume the reins of government, and he without delay proceeded from Alexandria to Cairo.

Indeed, 1913 was a period of government by assassination as Nazim and then his successor Mahmud Sevket Pasha were both slain, Nazim at the very instant the CUP seized power.

Vehib Pasha forced Armenians to retreat and then captured Trabzon, where the Russians had left huge quantities of supplies.

Under Özdemir Pasha, Ottoman troops then attempted to conquer the rest of Eritrea.

He became close to Princess Nazli Fazl, and his contacts with the Egyptian upper class led to his marriage to the daughter of the Egyptian prime minister Mustafa Pasha Fahmi, whose friendship with Lord Cromer, then the effective British ruler of Egypt, accounts in part for the eventual acceptability of Zaghloul to the British occupation.

Instead, the Pasha commenced an artillery bombardment from batteries located in and near his palace on the insurgent soldiers who had taken the house of the defterdar, located in the Ezbekia.

He presented the huge Maltese flag to Sultan Selim II who thereupon bestowed upon him the honorary title of " kιlιç " ( Sword ); Uluç thus became known as Kılıç Ali Pasha.

On 7 March 1573 the Venetians thus recognized by treaty the Ottoman possession of Cyprus, whose last Venetian possession, Famagosta, had fallen to the Turks under Piyale Pasha on 3 August 1571, just two months before Lepanto, and remained Turkish for the next three centuries, and that summer the Ottoman Navy attacked the geographically vulnerable coasts of Sicily and southern Italy.

Governor Ibrahim Pasha responded by sending Egyptian forces into the rebelling cities, thus triggering armed conflict with the clans.

On August 17, 1805, they were informed that the dam of the canal of Cairo was to be cut, and some chiefs of Muhammad Ali's party wrote the Mamelukes, informing them that the Pasha would go there early that morning with most of his troops to witness the ceremony, thus presenting the Mamelukes with an opportunity to enter and seize the city.

In 1914, he was again Minister of War in the cabinet of Sait Halim Pasha, and married HIH Princess Emine Naciye Sultan ( Istanbul, Ortaköy, Ortaköy Palace, November 25, 1898 – Istanbul, Nişantaşı, Nişantaşı Palace, December 5, 1957 ), the daughter of Prince Süleyman, thus entering the royal family.

Prince Carol I accepted the Duke's proposal to become the Marshal of the Russian troops in addition to the Command of his own Romanian army, thus being able to lead the combined armed forces to the conquest of Plevna and the formal surrender, after heavy fighting, of the Turkish General Osman Pasha.

Early in the morning of March 26, 1913 the commander of the fortress, Mehmed Şükrü Pasha, surrendered to the Serbian army and thus ended the siege of Adrianople.

Ghazi was also used as a title of honor in the Ottoman empire, generally translated as the Victorious, for military officers of high rank, who distinguished themselves in the field against non-Moslem enemies ; thus it was conferred on Osman Pasha after his famous defence of Plevna in Bulgaria.

In 1683, during the Battle of Vienna, the Polish merchant-spy Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki secured a promise of military assistance for Vienna, besieged by the Turkish forces of Kara Mustafa Pasha, and thus facilitated the victory of a Christian European coaltion led by Polish King Jan III Sobieski.

On 6 March 1770, Aya Pasha massacred there 3000 Christians from Trikala.

In the 19th century, there was a small village in the outskirts of town very unusually inhabited by Africans from the Sudan, a curious remnant of the forces collected by Ali Pasha.

By late 1948 part of the Egyptian forces from Bethlehem to Hebron had been cut off from their lines of supply and Glubb Pasha sent 350 Arab Legionnaires and an armoured car unit to Hebron to reinforce them there.

Later, in 1547, Charles signed a humiliating treaty with the Ottomans to gain him some respite from the huge expenses of their war, in which he was seen as the equivalent of the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire-Ibrahim Pasha at the time-and was referred to as only the King of Spain since there could only be one Emperor in the world and it was Suleiman.

His subordinate, Gessi Pasha, fought with great success in the Bahr-el-Ghazal district in putting an end to the revolt there.

It was there in Syria where he met Umar Tal the mystic, according to accounts Umar Tal healed the son of Ibrahim Pasha from a deadly fever.

In Mountolive ( 1958 ), the third novel of Lawrence Durrell's Alexandria Quartet, a French diplomat is said to have ( ironically ) complimented the cruel and venal Egyptian Minister of the Interior, Memlik Pasha, by telling him that he is "... regarded as the best Minister of Interior in modern history -- indeed, since Fouché there has been no-one to equal you.

Glubb Pasha later denied that there had been a massacre at all.

He received written instructions from the Ottoman sultan, which in an effort to sow dissension and mistrust between Muhammad Ali Pasha and his Mameluke allies, he sent to Cairo and caused to be circulated there.

The envoy brought a firman confirming Muhammad Ali Pasha as governor of Egypt, and ordering Khorshid to go to Alexandria, there to await further orders ; but this he refused to do, on the ground that he had been appointed by a Hatt-i Sharif.

In 1894 the Sultan Abdul Hamid II re-appointed Alexander Karatheodori Pasha as governor of Crete, but Karatheodori's zeal for the implementation of the agreement was met with fury by the Muslim population of the island and led to renewed clashes between the Greek and Turkish communities there in 1896.

Construction was so far advanced by 2 October 1719 that the prince was able to receive the Turkish ambassador Ibrahim Pasha there.

Dufile ( also Dufilé, Duffli, Duffle, or Dufli ) was originally a fort built by Emin Pasha, the Governor of Equatoria, in 1879 ; it is located on the Albert Nile just inside Uganda, close to a site chosen in 1874 by then-Colonel Charles George Gordon to assemble steamers that were carried there overland.

Since only individual sports were done at the beginning in the Osman Pasha Mansion, there was no need for any colours for a uniform.

While there, he repeatedly wrote letters to Enver Pasha detailing the sad state of the enlisted prisoners and demanding better treatment.

While there he was given the rank of lieutenant general and the title of Ferik Pasha.

At the time, Plevna was under Turkish control as Field Marshal Osman Pasha had set up fortifications there following his defeat at Nikopol on 16 July.

In Nicosia, the capital, there is a 16th century inn called a Khan, a 17th century Tekke of the Mevleri or the Dancing Dervishes and the Arab Ahmet Pasha mosque of the 18th century.

In 1805, he was dispatched to Qajar Persia in the " Jaubert Mission ", to arrange an alliance with Shah Fat ′ h Ali, but on the way there he was seized and imprisoned in a dry cistern for four months by the Pasha of Doğubeyazıt.

Early in 1883 he went to Khartoum as chief of the staff of the army there, then commanded by Suliman Niazi Pasha.

Recent analysis of several hitherto unknown or unused Ottoman sources has shown that there seems to have been a conflict of interest between the policy of the central Ottoman administration and the aims of Telli Hasan Pasha, the belligerent Governor-General of Ottoman Bosnia.

His real intent was to cut off the thoughtful heads, so that, as he put it, the Arabs would never again emerge as a force, and no one would be left to claim for them their rights … After returning to Beirut Istanbul, I was summoned … to Damascus to greet Jamal Pasha … I took the train …, and upon reaching Aley we found that the whole train was reserved for the prisoners there to take them to Damascus … When I saw them, I realized that they were taking them to Damascus to put them to death.