Alexios overcame this crisis by entering into an alliance with a horde of 40, 000 Cumans, with whose help he crushed the Pechenegs at Levounion in Thrace on 29 April 1091.

The commanders of the Hungarian Kingdom's army used different tactics, based on a recognition of their own and the enemies ' ( Holy Roman Empire, Pechenegs, Uzes, Cumans, Mongols, Byzantine Empire ) abilities and deficiencies.

A nomadic Turkic people, the Kipchaks ( also known as the Cumans ), replaced the earlier Pechenegs as the dominant force in the south steppe regions neighbouring to Rus ' at the end of the 11th century and founded a nomadic state in the steppes along the Black Sea ( Desht-e-Kipchak ).

Subsequently Magyars, Pechenegs, Cumans and Tatars also raided and settled in the lands to various extents.

From the 3rd century until the 11th century, the region was invaded numerous times in turn by different tribes: Goths, Huns, Avars, Bulgars, Slavs ( South, i. e. Bulgarian, and Eastern ), Magyars, Pechenegs, Cumans and Mongols.

The Daco-Roman ethnic structure of the region changed significantly, most notably with Goths, Huns, Slavs, Pechenegs, Magyars and Cumans.

South of the Carpathians the Pechenegs and Cumans held political power, and Hunedoara acted as a buffer zone for the Hungarian Crown.

The Pechenegs were swept aside from their territories by the Cumans between 1064 and 1078.

The portions of the gyepű was usually guarded by tribes who joined the Hungarian nation and were granted special rights for their services at the borders, such as the Szeklers, Pechenegs and Cumans.

* 6th – 9th century: Bulgars ( later Slavicized ), Pechenegs, Cumans, Hungarians

The Turkic Pechenegs settled the area in 12th century following attack from Cumans.

In the late 11th and early 12th centuries, the Cumans and Kipchaks became involved in various conflicts with the Byzantines, Kievan Rus, the Hungarians ( Cuman involvement only ), and the Pechenegs ( Cuman involvement only ), allying themselves with one or the other side at different times.

These formed the nucleus of the army, with the addition of the armed retainers of Alexios ' relatives and the nobles enrolled in the army and the substantial aid of a large force of allied Cumans, which won the Battle of Levounion against the Pechenegs ( Petcheneks or Patzinaks ).

Attacked again in 1094 by the Cumans, many Pechenegs were again slain.

The remnants of the Pechenegs fled to Hungary, as the Cumans themselves would do a few decades later: fearing the Mongol invasion, in 1229, they asked asylum from Béla IV of Hungary.

These included the Cumans and Pechenegs.

Following the Ottoman invasion of Balkans, European armies were introduced to the kilij, though Greeks, Russians, Ukrainians, Poles, other Slavs and Hungarians were not strangers to this sword type from their earlier encounters with Turkic nomads such as Bulgars, Khazars, Pechenegs, Cumans and Tatars.

Starting in the mid-10th century, the Tivertsi frequently carried fights with the neighbouring Pechenegs and Cumans, as a result of which the tribe was gradually assimilated by other East Slavic tribes.

The region, therefore, passed as a temporary settling ground for Huns under the leader Uldin ( 387 ), Eurasian Avars ( 558 – 567 ), Slavs ( end of 6th century ), Bulgars under the leader Asparuh ( 679 ), Hungarians or Magyars ( 9th century ), Pechenegs ( 11th century, and again 12th century ), Cumans ( 12th century ) and others.

From the 9th to the 12th centuries, the region was under the authority of the First Bulgarian Empire, Pechenegs, and later of Cumans, who irregularly collected tribute from the indigenous villagers.

Later during the 11th and 12th centuries, nomadic Turkic tribes such as the Cumans and the Pechenegs entered Bulgaria and engaged the Byzantine Empire.

The Orthodox Christian Gagauzes are also purported to originate from the Cumans and Pechenegs

While maintaining commercial links with the Byzantine Empire ( as attested by the excavations of 9th-12th century Byzantine coins at various locations ), the area was subject to the successive invasions of Pechenegs and Cumans and conquered by the Mongols during the 1241 invasion of Europe.

The western neighbors of the Kyrgyzes ( Kimaks, Kipchaks, Cumans, Oguzes, Pechenegs, Karluks, etc.

The Pechenegs ( a semi-nomadic Turkic people of the Central Asian steppes ) occupied the steppes north of the Black Sea ( 8th – 12th century ) and by the 10th century were in control of the lands between the Don and lower Danube rivers.

The battle put an effective end to the Pechenegs as an independent people ; many of the captives taken in the conflict were settled as soldier-farmers within the Byzantine frontier.

The Arabs sacked Myra, the Serbs had thrown off Byzantine authority, and the Pechenegs were raiding almost at will up to the gates of Thessalonica.

For instance, the nomadic steppe peoples north of the Black Sea, including the Pechenegs and the Kipchaks, were called barbarians by Byzantines.

The Oghuz seem to have been related to the Pechenegs, some of whom were clean-shaven and others of whom had small ' goatee ' beards.

Some of the Pechenegs fled into the Kingdom of Hungary where they were employed to guard the border districts, for instance in Transylvania.

They were also granted the right to use " the forest of the Romanians and the Pechenegs ".

The Vlachs were also employed as border guards in the southeastern frontiers of the Kingdom of Hungary along with the Pechenegs and Székelys.

After the collapse of this state under pressure from the Khazars, it seems the Adyghe people were never politically united, a fact which reduced their influence in the area and their ability to withstand periodic invasions from groups like the Mongols, Avars, Pechenegs, Huns, and Khazars.

The Lombards, in the vanguard, were defeated, the Pechenegs deserted, and the French and Germans were also forced to fall back.

The Pechenegs or Patzinaks (,,,,,,, pechenegi or печенези, pechenezi ;, ) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people of the Central Asian steppes speaking the Pecheneg language which belonged to the Turkic language family.

In chapter 299, the Armenian prince, Vasil, who was in the Roman Army, sent a platoon of Padzinags ( they had settled in the city of Misis, around modern Adana, which is far away from the lands where Pechenegs were then mainly living ) to the aid of the Christians.

The Emperor Simeon entered into an alliance with the Pechenegs, who were the eastern neighbours of the Hétmagyar, and he made an attack against the Magyar troops.

When the Pechenegian ambassadors came into the city, they saw how the Russians took the food from those " wells ", and the Pechenegs even were allowed to taste the sweet kissel dessert and mead beverage.

Impressed by that show and degustation, Pechenegs decided to lift the siege and to go away, having concluded that the Russians were mysteriously fed from the earth itself.

In 1091 the Pechenegs, a semi-nomadic Turkic people of the prairies of southwestern Eurasia, were decisively defeated as an independent force at the Battle of Levounion by the combined forces of a Byzantine army under Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos and a Cuman army under Togortok and Bunaq.

Judging from the place names, originally the majority of the population were ethnic Hungarians, but later other groups immigrated to the area too: Pechenegs ( in the late 10th / early 11th century ) and úz groups ( 11th-12th century ).

At the end of the year he was recalled and sent to fight the Pechenegs, who were assisting the heretical Manichaeans revolt against Alexius, near Philippopolis.