During the Achaemenid Persian Empire, around 600 BC the Persians first began to use the abacus.

In the 6th century BC the kingdom of Lydia almost expanded to the whole of Asia Minor, until it became a satrapy of the Persian Empire.

Later during the 6th century BC, most of Anatolia was conquered by the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Persians having usurped the Medes as the dominant dynasty in Iran.

Ahmad Shah Durrani ( c. 1722 – 1773 ) ( Pashto /), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī ( Pashto / Persian: احمد شاه ابدالي ) and born as Ahmad < u > Kh </ u > ān, was the founder of the Durrani Empire ( Afghan Empire ) in 1747 and is regarded by many to be the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan .</ poem >

The Delian League, founded about 477 BC, was an association of Greek city-states, members numbering between 150 to 173, under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory in the Battle of Plataea at the end of the Second Persian invasion of Greece.

The Greco-Persian Wars had their roots in the conquest of the Greek cities of Asia Minor, and particular Ionia, by the Achaemenid Persian Empire of Cyrus the Great shortly after 550 BC.

During the first invasion, Thrace, Macedon and the Aegean Islands were added to the Persian Empire, and Eretria was duly destroyed.

Romans and Parthians fought over Assyria and the rest of Mesopotamia until 226 AD, when it was taken over by the Sassanid ( Persian ) Empire.

Her medism in 491 is to be explained by her commercial relations with the Persian Empire.

These people may have assisted the Scythians when King Darius the Great led a Persian invasion into what is now Southern Russia to punish the Scythians for their raids into the Achaemenid Empire.

In 614, the Persian Sassanid Empire, supported by Jewish rebels, invaded Palestina Prima and captured Bethlehem.

Unlike the Babylonians, the Persian Empire went to great lengths to keep “ cordial relations ” between vassal and lord.

Authored by Darius the Great sometime between his coronation as king of the Persian Empire in the summer of 522 BC and his death in autumn of 486 BC, the inscription begins with a brief autobiography of Darius, including his ancestry and lineage.

Later in the inscription, Darius provides a lengthy sequence of events following the deaths of Cyrus the Great and Cambyses II in which he fought nineteen battles in a period of one year ( ending in December of 521 BC ) to put down multiple rebellions throughout the Persian Empire.

In 500 BC the Persian Empire was still relatively young and highly expansionistic, but prone to revolts amongst its subject peoples.

Cleomenes's attempts to restore Isagoras to Athens ended in a debacle, but fearing the worst, the Athenians had by this point already sent an embassy to Artaphernes in Sardis, to request aid from the Persian Empire.

In his commentary on Daniel 8: 14 published in 1831, he stated that the 2, 300-year period should be calculated from 334 BC, the year Alexander the Great began his conquest of the Persian Empire.

When the Babylonian Empire empire was absorbed into the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the name " Chaldean " lost its meaning as the name of a race of men, and came to be applied only to a social class.

600 BC or 576 BC – 530 BC ) – also known as Cyrus II – the grandson of Cyrus I, an Achaemenid ruler and the founder of the Great Persian Empire

Tiridates III, Arsacid claimant to the Armenian throne and Roman client, had been disinherited and forced to take refuge in the Empire after the Persian conquest of 252 / 3.

He would return to Syria in 295 to fight the revanchist Persian Empire.

** Shahnameh ( Persian literature ; details Persian legend and history from prehistoric times to the fall of the Sassanid Empire )

The Allied fleet defeated the demoralized remnants of the Persian fleet in the Battle of Mycale — on the same day as Plataea, according to tradition.

The Arabian Sea has two important branches — the Gulf of Aden in the southwest, connecting with the Red Sea through the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb ; and the Gulf of Oman to the northwest, connecting with the Persian Gulf.

* Winston Churchill secretly accepted £ 5, 000 — the equivalent of perhaps millions in today's money — from Burmah Oil ( now known as BP ) to lobby the British government to allow them to monopolise Persian oil resources.

In addition, Pausanias relates that at the time of the Persian invasion in 480 BC the Athenians were advised by the oracle to put their faith in their " wooden walls " — taking this advice to mean their navy, they won the famous battle at Salamis.

The two powerful groups making up the community — the priestly families who controlled the Temple and who traced their foundation-myth to Moses and the wilderness wanderings, and the major landowning families who made up the " elders " and who traced their own origins to Abraham, who had " given " them the land — were in conflict over many issues, and each had its own " history of origins ", but the Persian promise of greatly increased local autonomy for all provided a powerful incentive to cooperate in producing a single text.

In the 1870s, Ottoman officials were reasserting their presence in the Persian Gulf, with a military intervention in 1871 — which was not effectively pursued — where family rivalries in Kuwait and Qatar were breeding chaos.

The continued spread of Christianity, and the foundation of national churches, led to the translation of the Bible — often beginning with books from the New Testament — into a variety of other languages at a relatively early date: Armenian, Georgian, Ethiopic, Persian, Soghdian, and eventually Gothic, Old Church Slavonic, Arabic, and Nubian.

It was possible for the assembly to recall an ostracised person ahead of time ; before the Persian invasion of 479 BC, an amnesty was declared under which at least two ostracised leaders — Pericles ' father Xanthippus and Aristides ' the Just '— are known to have returned.

Arabic, Urdu, and Persian languages — written from right to left — use a reversed question mark: ؟, and a reversed comma: ،.

In the fourth century AD, the Bishop Acacius of Amida, touched by the plight of Persian prisoners captured in a recent war with the Roman Empire — who were held in his town under appalling conditions and destined for a life of slavery, took the initiative of ransoming them, by selling his church's precious gold and silver vessels, and letting them return to their country.

When the U. K. announced a policy in 1968 ( reaffirmed in March 1971 ) of ending the treaty relationships with the Persian Gulf sheikdoms, Qatar joined the other eight states then under British protection ( the seven trucial sheikdoms — the present United Arab Emirates -- and Bahrain ) in a plan to form a union of Arab emirates.

Marco Polo in his 13th-century travels, for example, describes the Persian race — the current concept of " race " dates back only to the 17th century.

During his studies, he dedicated himself to mastering English — adding this language to the Persian, Turkish, Arabic and French, languages in which he was already fluent-so that he could translate the letters of ` Abdu ' l-Bahá and serve as his secretary.

* August, 480 BC: Battle of Artemisium — The Persian fleet fights an inconclusive battle with the Greek allied fleet

* 479 BC — death of Mardonius, Persian commander at Plataea

* 502 BC — Naxos rebels against Persian domination sparking the Ionian Revolt.

* 501 BC — Naxos is attacked by the Persian Empire.

Pericles (, Periklēs, " surrounded by glory "; c. 495 – 429 BC ) was a prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator, and general of Athens during the city's Golden Age — specifically, the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars.

The story of Turandot was taken from a Persian collection of stories called The Book of One Thousand and One Days ( 1722 French translation Les Mille et un jours by François Pétis de la Croix — not to be confused with its sister work The Book of One Thousand and One Nights ), where the character of " Turandokht " as a cold princess was found.

* Montesquieu — Persian Letters ( Lettres persanes ) ( 1721 )