He was greatly influenced by Persian culture and this affected both his own actions and those of his successors, giving rise to a significant expansion of the Persianate ethos in the Indian subcontinent.

* Gulf War oil spill – Resulting from actions taken during the Gulf War in 1991 by the Iraq military, the oil spill caused considerable damage to wildlife in the Persian Gulf especially in areas surrounding Kuwait and Iraq.

In fact, the Persian losses were so severe that when the army returned to the capital, Emperor Kavadh I removed General Azarethes from command and stripped him of his honors due to the general's actions in the battle.

Through his arrogance and arbitrary actions ( Thucydides says " violence "), Pausanias managed to alienate many of the Allied contingents, particularly those that had just been freed from Persian overlordship.

Teams have documented the Navy's role in the Persian Gulf War, Operation Restore Hope ( Haiti ) and Operation Allied Force ( Kosovo ); counter-narcotics actions in the Caribbean ; fleet exercises, special warfare activities, Information Technology ( IT-21 ); the attack on, and the rebuilding of USS Cole ( DDG-67 ); the September 11, 2001 attack on the Pentagon ; and the Global War on Terrorism.

His government's actions, including organizing and arming local militias, disarming of regular Iranian military and police forces, setting up an independent judiciary based on the Soviet legal system, levying taxes, land reform without ratification of the Majlis, using Azarbaijani Turkish as the official language and banning the usage of Persian, and setting up an alternative curriculum and educational system, were viewed with deep suspicion by the central government and other Iranians.

2002 ), Pollack details the history of United States actions against Iraq since the Persian Gulf War of 1991.

While Pollack and Byman argued that such a containment strategy would be very difficult to make work given the historical problems of doing so and the specific problems created by previous American actions in Iraq, they also concluded that containment would likely prove America's least bad option because U. S. interests in the Persian Gulf were so important that Washington would have to try to mitigate the impact of spillover.

Conclusions: ( 1 ) " We are fighting a worldwide Islamic insurgency ― not criminality or terrorism "; ( 2 ) current policies make the military " America's only tool "; ( 3 ) bin Laden's reasons are " U. S. policies and actions in the Muslim world "; ( 4 ) his war depends on " the tenets " of Islam ; ( 5 ) U. S. interest in " Persian Gulf oil " central ; ( 6 ) war may last many decades and be fought " mostly on U. S. soil " ( x-xi ).

These and other Persian actions prompted the British to change their stance on the ownership of the islands due to suspicion that the new Persian policy was influenced by German and Russian interests.

By August 1888, Britain decided to acquiesce in the Persian actions on Sirri, leaving alone the concerns over Tonb, even though the Persian government's rebuff of the British protests had coupled their claim to Sirri with one to Tonb ).

The British regard for the Persian claim to Sirri ( and perhaps Tonb ) was affected significantly by the depiction of the Tonbs and Serri in the same color as that of Persia in the 1886 Map of Persia, which Naser-al-Din Shah Qajar of Persia now astutely cited against the British when they protested the Persian actions on Sirri.

It had already been determined by the British that the Persian actions on Sirri and elsewhere in the Persian Gulf were inspired by Russia.

The Spartans had complained to the Persian king about the tepid support they had received from Tissaphernes, and the satrap, needing to demonstrate his commitment to opposing actions, arrested Alcibiades and imprisoned him at Sardis.

In the later part of the year 638 Hormuzan, who commanded one of the Persian corps at the Battle of Qadisiyyah and was one of the seven great chiefs of Persia, intensified his raids in Mesopotamia, Saad according to Umar ’ s instructions undertook offensive actions against Hormuzan and Utbah ibn Ghazwan aided by Nouman ibn Muqarin attacked Ahwaz and forced Hormuzan to enter into a peace treaty with the Muslims according to which Ahwaz would remain in Hormuzan ’ s possession and he would rule it as a vassal of the Muslims and would pay tribute.

In the introduction of his work on the Peloponnesian War, Thucydides ( 460 BC to early 4th century ) gives a short summary of earlier Greek history, stating that there were no major collective military actions by Greeks between the Trojan War and the Persian Wars.

Herodotus describes how Amasis II would eventually cause a confrontation with the Persian armies.

Amasis worrying that his daughter would be a concubine to the Persian king refused to give up his offspring ; Amasis also was not willing to take on the Persian empire so he concocted a trickery in which he forced the daughter of the ex-pharaoh Apries, whom Herodotus explicitly confirms to have been killed by Amasis, to go to Persia instead of his own offspring.

Herodotus also relates the desecration of Ahmose II / Amasis ' mummy when the Persian king Cambyses conquered Egypt and thus ended the 26th Saite dynasty:

But its prosperity dates from 544 BC, when the majority of the people of Teos ( including the poet Anacreon ) migrated to Abdera to escape the Persian yoke ( Herodotus i. 168 ).

Herodotus, who has been called the ' Father of History ', was born in 484 BC in Halicarnassus, Asia Minor ( then under Persian overlordship ).

This theory therefore utilises Herodotus ' suggestion that after Marathon, the Persian army re-embarked and tried to sail around Cape Sounion to attack Athens directly ; however, according to the first theory this attempt would have occurred before the battle ( and indeed have triggered the battle ).

Herodotus does not estimate the size of the Persian army, only saying that they were a " large infantry that was well packed ".

Herodotus implies the Athenians ran the whole distance to the Persian lines, shouting their ululating war cry, " Ελελευ!

Herodotus recounts the story that Cynaegirus, brother of the playwright Aeschylus, who was also among the fighters, charged into the sea, grabbed one Persian trireme, and started pulling it towards shore.

Herodotus records that 6, 400 Persian bodies were counted on the battlefield, and it is unknown how many more perished in the swamps.

In the immediate aftermath of the battle, Herodotus says that the Persian fleet sailed around Cape Sounion to attack Athens directly.

Herodotus records that when heralds of the Persian king Darius the Great demanded " earth and water " ( i. e., symbols of submission ) of various Greek cities, the Athenians threw them into a pit and the Spartans threw them down a well for the purpose of suggesting they would find both earth and water at the bottom, these often being mentioned by the messenger as a threat of siege.

The town was within the Persian empire at that time and maybe the young Herodotus heard local eye-witness accounts of events within the empire and of Persian preparations for the invasion of Greece, including the movements of the local fleet under the command of Artemisia.

Thucydides ' history of the Peloponesian War and Herodotus ' history of the Persian War ( both written in the 5th century BC ) survives in about eight early copies, the oldest ones dating from the 10th century AD.

Herodotus, for example, wrote his version of history to gather political support for the Greek system of government over the aggressive Persian despot.

Herodotus records in his Histories not only the events of the Persian Wars but also geographical and ethnographical information, as well as the fables related to him during his extensive travels.

When the Persian fleet finally arrived at Artemisium after a significant delay, Eurybiades, who both Herodotus and Plutarch suggest was not the most inspiring commander, wished to sail away without fighting.

According to Herodotus, Themistocles left messages at every place where the Persian fleet might stop for drinking water, asking the Ionians in the Persian fleet to defect, or at least fight badly.

According to Herodotus, after the Persian navy began its maneuvers, Aristides arrived at the Allied camp from Aegina.

525 BC, when, according to Herodotus, the tyrant Polycrates of Samos was able to contribute 40 triremes to a Persian invasion of Egypt.

* 449 BC: Herodotus completes his History, which records the events concerning the Persian War.

However, in his Histories, ix. 120 – 122, the Greek writer Herodotus describes the execution of a Persian general at the hands of Athenians in about 479 BC: " They nailed him to a plank and hung him up ... this Artayctes who suffered death by crucifixion.

By the time Esther was written, the foreign power visible on the horizon as a future threat to Judah was the Macedonians of Alexander the Great, who defeated the Persian empire about 150 years after the time of the story of Esther ; the Septuagint version noticeably calls Haman a " bully " ( βουγαῖον ) where the Hebrew text describes him as an Agagite.

Marco Polo in his 13th-century travels, for example, describes the Persian race — the current concept of " race " dates back only to the 17th century.

The religious practice is mentioned for the first time by Natronai ben Hilai, Gaon of the Academy of Sura in Babylonia, in 853 C. E., who describes it as a custom of the Babylonian Jews and further explained by Jewish scholars in the ninth century by that since the Hebrew word geber ( Gever ) means both " man " and " rooster " the rooster may act or serve as a palpable substitute as a religious vessel in place of the man with the practice also having been as a custom of the Persian Jews.

Themistocles can still reasonably be thought of as " the man most instrumental in achieving the salvation of Greece " from the Persian threat, as Plutarch describes him.

* 785 – 805: Chinese geographer Jia Dan describes large lighthouse pillars built in the Persian Gulf, which is confirmed a century later by al-Mas ' udi and al-Muqaddasi.

Professor Dwight Reynolds describes the subsequent transformations of the Arabic version: " Some of the earlier Persian tales may have survived within the Arabic tradition altered such that Arabic Muslim names and new locations were substituted for pre-Islamic Persian ones, but it is also clear that whole cycles of Arabic tales were eventually added to the collection and apparently replaced most of the Persian materials.

* 1000s — The Persian astronomer, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, describes the Milky Way galaxy as a collection of numerous nebulous stars

* 11th century — Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, another Persian astronomer, describes the Milky Way galaxy as a collection of numerous nebulous stars,

Kessler describes the region of Judah as a small province that contained land moving 25 km from Jerusalem and was independently ruled prior to the Persian rule.

Xenophon describes the Ethiopians as black, and the Persian troops as white compared to the sun-tanned skin of Greek troops.

Similarly in Persian literature, " The Adventures of Bulukiya ", a tale in the One Thousand and One Nights, describes the protagonist Bulukiya learning of alternative worlds / universes that are similar to but still distinct from his own.

Herodotus describes how, on the eve of battle and faced with the formidable Persian expeditionary force, the Athenians had despaired of the Spartans, or indeed anyone else, coming to their aid in what seemed to be impossible odds.

Brachycephaly also describes a developmentally normal type of skull with a high cephalic index, such as in snub-nosed breeds of dog such pugs and bulldogs or cats such as the Persian, Exotic and Himalayan.

The earliest literary reference to a winch can be found in the account of Herodotus of Halicarnassus on the Persian Wars ( Histories 7. 36 ), where he describes how wooden winches were used to tighten the cables for a pontoon bridge across the Hellespont in 480 B. C.

In any case, the author was an eyewitness of many of the events which he describes, and must have been living at Edessa during the years when it suffered so severely during the Roman – Persian Wars.

This book describes in detail the history of Persian musical instruments.

* In the 1995 comedy film Clueless a Persian student at the fictionalized Bronson Alcott High School curses out a teacher in Persian and a later scene where the protagonist explicitly describes the " Persian Mafia ":

Ghilman ( singular ( ghulam ), plural ghilmān ) describes either young servants in paradise or slave-soldiers in the Ottoman, Mughal and Persian Empires.