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The Persian historian Tabari quotes Ibn Abbas ( d. 686-8 ) as saying: " Born to Noah were Shem, whose descendants ' colors are a black complexion with a light-brownish undertone ( bayādh ) and a dark blackish brown ( Udmah ); Ham, whose descendants ' colors are true black ( sawād ) and a few are a black complexion with a light-brownish undertone ( bayādh qalīl ); and Japheth, whose descendants are very fair-skinned ( al-shuqrah ) and olive-skinned ( al-humrah )".
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Persian and historian
An alternate name for Greek fire was " Median fire " (), and the 6th-century historian Procopius, records that crude oil, which was called naphtha ( in Greek νάφθα, naphtha, from Middle Persian نفت ( naft )) by the Persians, was known to the Greeks as " Median oil " ().
However, the tradition is comparatively late ( it dates from Josephus, a 1st century AD historian ), and scholars are practically unanimous that the book had a long period of growth, that it includes some material of considerable antiquity, and that it reached its present form in the Persian period ( 538 – 332 BC ).
Also academics note that since much of what is known about Manichaeism comes from later 10th and 11th Century CE Islamic historians like Al-Biruni and especially the Shia Muslim Persian historian Ibn al-Nadim ( and his work Fihrist ); " Islamic authors ascribed to Mani the claim to be the Seal of the Prophets " This topic is discussed by an Israeli academic Guy G. Stroumsa
In the Middle East, Ala ' iddin Ata-Malik Juvayni ( 1226 – 1283 ) was a Persian historian who wrote an account of the Mongol Empire entitled Ta ' rīkh-i jahān-gushā ( History of the World Conqueror ).
Rashīd al-Dīn Fadhl-allāh Hamadānī ( 1247 – 1318 ), was a Persian physician of Jewish origin, polymathic writer and historian, who wrote an enormous Islamic history, the Jami al-Tawarikh, in the Persian language, often considered a landmark in intercultural historiography and a key document on the Ilkhanids ( 13th and 14th century ).
* Abolfazl Beyhaghi, Persian historian and author ( d. 1077 )
Some historians have also conjectured that Alexander crucified Callisthenes, his official historian and biographer, for objecting to Alexander's adoption of the Persian ceremony of royal adoration.
** Hamdollah Mostowfi, Persian historian and geographer ( b. 1281 )
One of the Persian envoys, Ghiyasu'd-Din Naqqah, keeps a diary of his travels throughout China, some of the contents of which are preserved in court documents thanks to the court historian Hafiz Abru.
** Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, Persian writer and historian ( b. 1247 )
* Abolfazl Beyhaghi, Persian historian and author ( b. 995 )
* Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, Persian writer and historian ( approximate date ) ( d. 1318 )
Herodotus, a Greek historian and author of The Histories, provided an account of many Persian kings and the Greco-Persian Wars.
The canal's size and grandeur won it the admiration of many throughout history, including the Japanese monk Ennin ( 794 – 864 ), the Persian historian Rashid al-Din ( 1247 – 1318 ), the Korean official Choe Bu ( 1454 – 1504 ) and the Italian missionary Matteo Ricci ( 1552 – 1610 ).
* Herodotus, Greek historian, who visited and described the monuments of the city during the first Persian invasion in the 5th century BCE.
However, the Persian historian Mirkhond says that Peroz pardoned his younger brother and amicably spared his life.
However, the Persian historian, Mirkhond says that Peroz pardoned his younger brother and amicably spared his life.
Most accounts incorrectly attribute this story to the historian Herodotus, who wrote the history of the Persian Wars in his Histories ( composed about 440 BC ).
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad ( FUM ) ( Persian: دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد ) is the largest research university in eastern Iran named after the great epic poet and historian of Iranian national history Ferdowsi, whose Shahnameh ( The Book of Kings ) is a chef-d ' oeuvre in Persian literature.
* Ali-Akbar Fayyaz, founder of the School of Letters and Humanities, professor in the Department of Persian Language and Literature between 1950 and 1972, a renowned historian of early Islam and literary critic
A brief Persian account of events is provided by Islamic historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari in his History of the Prophets and Kings ( completed 915 CE ).
Ammianus Marcellinus, late Roman historian and soldier, describing the sight of Persian cataphracts approaching Roman infantry in Asia Minor, circa fourth century.
Persian and Tabari
He was Iranicized to considerable extent and the statement of Tabari on him is evidence of the existence of the cultivation of poetry in Persian in northwest Persia at the beginning of the 9th century.
Persian and quotes
al-Biruni quotes and criticizes the medieval scientist Hamza al-Isfahani who had stated " asturlab is an arabization of this Persian phrase ": sitara yab meaning " taker of the stars " In medieval Islamic sources there is also a " fictional " and popular etymology of the words as " lines of lab ".
Yazid was the son of a Persian princess who had been gifted as a concubine to Caliph al-Walid I. Al-Tabari quotes a couplet of Yazid's on his own ancestry:
Allama Muhammad Iqbal and quotes if from his both Urdu and Persian poetry, at will, in his speeches and conversations.
Persian and Ibn
Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā ( Persian پور سينا Pur-e Sina " son of Sina "; c. 980 – 1037 ), commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived.
Persian poetry from Ibn Sina is recorded in various manuscripts and later anthologies such as Nozhat al-Majales.
There are early legends of human flight such as the story of Icarus, and Jamshid in Persian myth, and later, somewhat more credible claims of short-distance human flights appear, such as the flying automaton of Archytas of Tarentum ( 428 – 347 BC ), the winged flights of Abbas Ibn Firnas ( 810 – 887 ), Eilmer of Malmesbury ( 11th century ), and the hot-air Passarola of Bartolomeu Lourenço de Gusmão ( 1685 – 1724 ).
The first recorded reference to the bowed lira was in the 9th century by the Persian geographer Ibn Khurradadhbih ( d. 911 ); in his lexicographical discussion of instruments he cited the lira ( lūrā ) as a typical instrument of the Byzantines and equivalent to the rabāb played in the Islamic Empires.
According to biographies preserved by Ibn al-Nadim and the Persian polymath al-Biruni, he allegedly received a revelation as a youth from a spirit, whom he would later call his Twin ( Aramaic Tauma ( תאומא ), from which is also derived the name of the apostle Thomas, the " twin "), his Syzygos ( Greek for " partner ", in the Cologne Mani-Codex ), his Double, his Protective Angel or ' Divine Self '.
The Persian geographer Ibn Khurradadhbih of the 9th century ( d. 911 ) cited the Byzantine lyra, in his lexicographical discussion of instruments as a bowed instrument equivalent to the Arab rabāb and typical instrument of the Byzantines along with the urghun ( organ ), shilyani ( probably a type of harp or lyre ) and the salandj ( probably a bagpipe ).
In 984, the Persian mathematician Ibn Sahl wrote the treatise " On burning mirrors and lenses ", correctly describing a law of refraction equivalent to Snell's law.
In the 11th century, the theory of tabula rasa was developed more clearly by the Persian philosopher, Ibn Sina ( known as " Avicenna " in the Western world ).
* 636: Around this time the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah resulted in a decisive victory for Muslims in the Islamic conquest of Persia, the Persian Empire is conquered by Muslim Arabs led by Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas.
* Other significant contributions to scientific and mathematical understanding were made by Avicenna, who would later publish influential works on medicine, Persian Muslim polymath and scientist Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, Arab Egyptian Muslim mathematician and astronomer Ibn Yunus, Persian Muslim physicist and mathematician Abu Sahl al-Quhi ( Kuhi ) and Persian Muslim astronomer and mathematician, Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi.
* Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhacen ), a famous Persian scientist working in Egypt, feigns madness in fear of angering Al-Hakim, and is kept under house arrest until 1021.
* February 19 – Ibn Maja, Persian hadith compiler
Ibn Khordadbeh later reported that during the Persian Empire's domination in Hejaz, the Banu Qurayza served as tax collectors for the shah.
Al-Estakhri, Al-Muqaddasi, and Ibn Hawqal ) and Persian texts.
* Ibn Nafis, Persian anatomist ( d. 1288 )
Famous Persian scientist Ibn Sina ( known to the West as Avicenna ) produced treatises and works that summarized the vast amount of knowledge that scientists had accumulated, and was very influential through his encyclopedias, The Canon of Medicine and The Book of Healing.
There are early legends of human flight such as the story of Icarus, and Jamshid in Persian myth, and later, somewhat more credible claims of short-distance human flights appear, such as the flying automaton of Archytas of Tarentum ( 428 – 347 BC ), the winged flights of Abbas Ibn Firnas ( 810 – 887 ), Eilmer of Malmesbury ( 11th century ), and the hot-air Passarola of Bartolomeu Lourenço de Gusmão ( 1685 – 1724 ).
Many attempted to find a proof by contradiction, including Persian mathematicians Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen, 11th century ), Omar Khayyám ( 12th century ) and Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī ( 13th century ), and the Italian mathematician Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri ( 18th century ).
The notion of the " ennobling power " of love was developed in the early 11th century by the Persian psychologist and philosopher, Ibn Sina ( known as " Avicenna " in Europe ), in his treatise Risala fi ' l-Ishq ( Treatise on Love ).
The 10th-century Persian scientist Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen ) wrote about naturally-occurring rudimentary pinhole cameras.
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