The Allied fleet then sailed to the Thracian Chersonese, still held by the Persians, and besieged and captured the town of Sestos.

The next morning, the Persians sailed in to the straits to attack the Greek fleet ; it is not clear when, why or how this decision was made, but it is clear that they did in fact take the battle to the Allies.

Leotychides therefore sailed as close to the camp as possible, and had a herald make an appeal to the Ionians: " Men of Ionia, you who hear us, understand what I say, for by no means will the Persians understand anything I charge you with when we join battle ; first of all it is right for each man to remember his freedom and next the battle-cry Hebe: and let him who hears me tell him who has not heard it.

The Peloponnesians sailed home, but the Athenians remained to attack the Chersonesos, still held by the Persians.

However, as the two sides neared each other, the Samians sailed away back to Samos, as they had agreed with the Persians.

The fleet sailed next to Naxos, to punish the Naxians for their resistance to the failed expedition the Persians had mounted there a decade earlier.

The Peloponnesians sailed home, but the Athenians remained to attack the Chersonesos, still held by the Persians.

If the Persians sailed around the outer, eastern side of Euboea, they could head straight to Attica, and thereby cut off the Allied fleet's line of retreat.

The expedition sailed in the spring of 499 BC but quickly descended into a debacle The force laid siege to the Naxians for four months, but eventually the Persians and Aristagoras both ran out of money.

But Pharnabazus soon after joined Autophradates again, and both sailed against Tenedos, which was induced by fear to surrender to the Persians.

There are many variations of this theory, but perhaps the most prevalent is that the cavalry was re-embarked on the ships, and was to be sent by sea to attack ( undefended ) Athens in the rear, whilst the rest of the Persians pinned down the Athenian army at Marathon.

The ancient Greeks and Romans believed that books on magic were invented by the Persians, with the 1st century CE writer Pliny the Elder stating that magic had been first discovered by the ancient philosopher Zoroaster around the year 6347 BC, but that it was only written down in the 5th century BC by the magician Osthanes — his claims are not however supported by modern historians.

Though, according to the 4th-century BC father of botany, Theophrastus, olive trees ordinarily attained an age of about 200 years, he mentions that the very olive tree of Athena still grew on the Acropolis ; it was still to be seen there in the 2nd century AD ; and when Pausanias was shown it, ca 170 AD, he reported " Legend also says that when the Persians fired Athens the olive was burnt down, but on the very day it was burnt it grew again to the height of two cubits.

* The Persians burn down the Temple of Apollo at Didyma.

Shortly before the Byzantines took the area back five years later in 615, the Persians gave control to the Christian population, who tore down the partially built Jewish Temple edifice and turned it into a garbage dump, which is what it was when the Caliph Omar took the city in the 630s.

This excited the suspicions of the Persians, and Darius compelled them to surrender their ships and pull down their walls.

") which the Spartans said when the Persians asked them to put down their weapons at the start of the Battle of Thermopylae.

In Western culture, there had been an unbroken tradition in musical practice and theory from the earliest written records of the Sumerians ( c. 2500 BC ) through the Babylonians and Persians down to ancient Greece and Rome.

However, despite Aristagoras's entreaties, the Spartan king Cleomenes I turned down the offer to lead the Greeks against the Persians.

The Persians most likely used their bows to wear down the enemy, then closed in to deliver the final blow with spears and swords.

The Persian fleet next headed south down the coast of Attica, landing at the bay of Marathon, roughly from Athens Under the guidance of Miltiades, the general with the greatest experience of fighting the Persians, the Athenian army marched to block the two exits from the plain of Marathon.

Once the Macedonian army had advanced sufficiently into the narrow pass, the Persians rained down boulders on them from the northern slopes.

The Ionians set the town on fire, accidentally burning down the temple of the Lydian goddess Cybebe in the process, which the Persians later used as an excuse for burning down Greek temples.

When the Persians invaded Greece after putting down the Ionian revolt in 493 BC, many city-states quickly submitted to them fearing a loss of trade.

They ( the Persians ) knocked down all the temples of the gods of Egypt, but no one did any damage to this temple.

According to certain historical assumptions about the early history and origin of ancient Persians in south-western Iran ( where Achaemenids hailed from ), Old Persian was originally spoken by a tribe called Parsuwash who arrived in the Iranian Plateau early in the 1st millennium BCE and finally migrated down into the area of present day Fārs province and their language, i. e. Old Persian, became the official language of the Achaemenid kings.

His very masons are imported Persians for whom the monarch has such marked regard that he ordains a special set of penalties for all who injure them, while they link the name of Ahura Mazda with the Mauryan palaces that it still echoes down the ages to our day as the Asura Maya.

After these controversies had died down, and the Persians had achieved a position of power in the Islamic world comparable to their numbers and capabilities, " ʿAjam " became a simple ethnic and geographical designation .".

Elam was one of the first conquests of the new Persian empire ; Elamite scribes kept the Persians ' records, writing them down in Elamite cuneiform.

Shortly, before the Byzantines took the area back, the Persians gave control to the Christian population, who tore down the partly built edifice, which is what it was when the Caliph Omar took the city in the 630s.

Therefore, even after Athens had fallen to the Persians, and the Persian navy had arrived off the coast of Salamis, the Allied navy remained in the Straits.

They elected new leaders, including Xenophon himself, and fought their way north through hostile Persians and Medes to Trapezus on the coast of the Black Sea.

** Meanwhile at sea, the Persians are defeated by a Greek fleet headed by Leotychidas of Sparta and Xanthippus of Athens in the Battle of Mycale, off the coast of Lydia in Asia Minor.

The written history of Madagascar begins in the 7th century when Omani Arabs and Shirazi Persians established trading posts along the northwest coast and introduced Islam, the Arabic script ( used to transcribe the Malagasy language in a form of writing known as sorabe ), Arab astrology and other cultural elements.

* August – The Persians achieve a naval victory over the Greeks in an engagement fought near Artemisium, a promontory on the north coast of Euboea.

They fought their way north through hostile Persians, Armenians, and Kurds to Trapezus, on the coast of the Black Sea under Xenophon.

They fight their way north through hostile Persians, Armenians, and Kurds to Trapezus on the coast of the Black Sea under Xenophon, who becomes their leader when the Persian satrap, Tissaphernes has Clearchus of Sparta and the other senior Greek captains captured and executed by Artaxerxes.

* Retreating to the coast, the Greek forces are met by the Persians under Artaphernes and defeated in the Battle of Ephesus.

Cimon lays siege to the Persians stronghold of Citium on the south west coast of Cyprus.

The city was originally located on the mainland, but probably during the early fifth-century Ionian Revolt from the Persians, it was moved to an island just off the coast, which Alexander the Great eventually connected to the mainland with a causeway.

This treaty restored control of the Greek cities of Ionia and Aeolis on the Anatolian coast to the Persians, while giving Sparta dominance on the Greek mainland.

After some initial battles while subjugating the Greeks of the Ionian coast, the Persians determined to invade Greece proper.

Eventually the coast was conquered by Persians who were in turn removed by Alexander the Great, bringing an end to the satrapy of Caria.

The Persians spent 493 BC reducing the cities along the west coast that still held out against them, before finally imposing a peace settlement on Ionia which was generally considered to be both just and fair.

They accepted an invitation from the people of Zancle to settle on the coast of Sicily, and took with them the Milesians who had managed to escape from the Persians.

The Persians spent 493 BC reducing the cities along the west coast that still held out against them, before finally imposing a peace settlement on Ionia that was considered to be both just and fair.

The Allied fleet thus remained off the coast of Salamis into September, despite the imminent arrival of the Persians.

After arriving at Artemisium, the Persians sent a detachment of 200 ships around the coast of Euboea in an attempt to trap the Greeks, but these were caught in another storm and shipwrecked.

He brought bad news for the Allies — whilst most of the Persian fleet was undergoing repairs, the Persians had detached 200 seaworthy ships to sail around the outer coast of Euboea, to block the escape route of the Allied fleet.

Returning to the coast, the Greek forces are met by the Persians led by Artaphernes and defeated.

Xerxes built a throne on the coast in order to watch the Greek navy being defeated, but instead, the Persians were routed.

Its beauty and fertility had attracted the particular attention of the Zanclaeans, who in consequence invited the Samians and Milesians ( after the capture of Miletus by the Persians, 494 BCE ) to establish themselves on this part of the Sicilian coast.

Malabar and Kochi were two important princely states on the western coast of India where the Arabs and Persians found a fertile soil for their trade activities.