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The Plebeians, by now exhausted and bitter, demanded real concessions, so the Tribunes C. Licinius Stolo and L. Sextius passed a law in 367 BC ( the " Licinio-Sextian law "), which dealt with the economic plight of the Plebeians.
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Plebeians and by
Since the Plebeian Aediles were elected by the Plebeians ( commoners ), rather than by all of the People of Rome ( Plebeians as well as members of the Patrician aristocracy ), they were not technically magistrates.
In 471 BC, a law was passed which allowed the Plebeians to begin organizing by Tribe.
Originally, statutes passed by the Plebeian Council (" Plebiscites ") only applied to Plebeians.
* 471 BC: Plebeians allowed to organize by tribe, reorganization of Plebeian Council from Curia to Tribe.
The result of this first secession was the creation of the office of Plebeian Tribune, and with it the first acquisition of real power by the Plebeians.
At first, its acts (" plebiscites ") applied only to Plebeians, although after 339 BC, with the institution of laws by the first Plebeian dictator Q. Publilius Philo, these acts began to apply to both Plebeians and Patricians, with a senatorial veto of all measures approved by the council.
Neither Tribunes nor Aediles were technically magistrates, since they were both elected solely by the Plebeians, rather than by both the Plebeians and the Patricians.
This was the first of many attempts by the Plebeians to achieve political equality with the Patricians.
In 471 BC, a law was passed due to the efforts of the Tribune Volero Publilius, which allowed the Plebeians to organize by Tribe, rather than by Curia.
Thus, most of the electors were Plebeians, and yet any magistrate elected by a joint assembly had jurisdiction over both Plebeians and Patricians.
During the 4th century BC, a series of reforms were passed ( the leges Valeriae Horatiae or the " laws of the Consul Publius Valerius Publicola and the Dictator Quintus Hortensius "), which ultimately required that any law passed by the Plebeian Council have the full force of law over both Plebeians and Patricians.
We don't know what year this law was passed, although it was probably passed between the opening of the Censorship to Plebeians ( in 339 BC ) and the first known lectio senatus by a Censor ( in 312 BC ).
Plebeians and demanded
In 445 BC, the Plebeians demanded the right to stand for election as consul ( the chief-magistrate of the Roman Republic ), but the Roman senate refused to grant them this right.
The problem appears to have centered around widespread indebtedness, and the Plebeians quickly demanded relief.
Plebeians and so
By this point, Plebeians were already holding a significant number of magisterial offices, and so the number of Plebeian senators probably increased quickly.
Plebeians and Tribunes
The Plebeians named these new officials Plebeian Tribunes ( tribuni plebis ), a name they probably took from the military officers (" Military Tribunes " or tribuni militum ) who led them during their secession.
Ultimately, a compromise was reached, and while the Consulship remained closed to the Plebeians, Consular command authority ( imperium ) was granted to a select number of Military Tribunes.
Plebeians and .
This later changed, and both Plebeians and Patricians could stand for Curule Aedileship.
The elections for Curule Aedile were at first alternated between Patricians and Plebeians, until late in the 2nd century BC, when the practice was abandoned and both classes became free to run during all years.
Gaius addressing the Plebeian Council | Plebeians.
Plebeians eventually became eligible for all the magistracies and most priesthoods, but the high priest of Jupiter ( Flamen Dialis ) remained the preserve of patricians.
The Plebeians later set up an image to her and worshipped her as a goddess.
He also was involved in the passage of two laws ; the first was his support for the Lex Ogulnia, which resulted in the opening up of the College of Pontifices and the College of Augurs to the Plebeians.
He was also an enthusiastic supporter of reform, siding with the Plebeians during the ongoing Conflict of the Orders.
His position was that the changing needs on an expanding Roman state required a necessary readjustment of the opportunities provided to Plebeians to serve the state, for the good of Rome.
It functioned as a gathering through which the Plebeians ( commoners ) could pass laws, elect magistrates, and try judicial cases.
The only difference between the Plebeian Council after 471 BC and the ordinary Tribal Assembly ( which also organized on the basis of the Tribes ) was that the Tribes of the Plebeian Council only included Plebeians, whereas the Tribes of the Tribal Assembly included both Plebeians and Patricians.
The Günter Grass play Die Plebejer proben den Aufstand / The Plebeians Rehearse the Uprising ( 1966 ) depicts Brecht preparing a production of Shakespeare's Coriolanus against the background of the events of 1953.
By this, Plebeians acquire de facto right to be elected Censor or appointed Dictator.
As a concession, the Plebeians allow the Patricians to create the offices of Praetor and Curule Aedile, and allow only Patricians to run for these offices.
The Conflict of the Orders, also referred to as the Struggle of the Orders, was a political struggle between the Plebeians ( commoners ) and Patricians ( aristocrats ) of the ancient Roman Republic lasting from 494 BC to 287 BC, in which the Plebeians sought political equality with the Patricians.
At first only Patricians were allowed to stand for election to political office, but over time these laws were revoked, and eventually all offices were opened to the Plebeians.
Plebeians and passed
However in 449 BC, a statute of an Assembly was passed which gave Plebiscites the full force of law over all Romans ( Plebeians and Patricians ).
It was a modification to the Valerian law in 449 BC which first allowed acts of the Plebeian Council to have the full force of law over both Plebeians and Patricians, but eventually the final law in the series was passed ( the " Hortensian Law "), which removed the last check that the Patricians in the senate had over this power.
In the decades following the passage of the Licinio-Sextian law of 367 BC, a series of laws were passed which ultimately granted Plebeians political equality with Patricians.
Plebeians and law
* 449 BC: Plebeian Council resolutions (" plebiscites ") given full force of law over Plebeians and Patricians, but still subject to Senate veto
356 BC saw the appointment of the first Plebeian Dictator, and in 339 BC the Plebeians facilitated the passage of a law ( the lex Publilia ), which required the election of at least one Plebeian Censor for each five year term.
The Hortensian Law also reaffirmed the principle that an act of the Plebeian Council have the full force of law over both Plebeians and Patricians, which it had originally acquired as early as 449 BC.
Thus, the ultimate significance of this law was in the fact that it robbed the Patricians of their final weapon over the Plebeians.
Thus, the ultimate significance of this law was in the fact that it robbed the Patricians of their final weapon over the Plebeians.
Plebeians and BC
While this conflict would end in 287 BC with the Plebeians having acquired political equality with the Patricians, the plight of the average Plebeian had not changed.
The opening of the Consulship to the Plebeians was probably the cause behind the concession of 366 BC, in which the Praetorship and Curule Aedileship were both created, but opened only to Patricians.
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