Although Chen nominally retained his positions as Party vice chairman and member of the Politburo, he was no longer in practice part of the core Party leadership.

Indeed, he was part of the young guard of the General Secretary which participated to the strengthening of Maurice Thorez's leadership, which was covertly disputed by some members of the Politburo ( Laurent Casanova and Marcel Servin ).

Peter Reddaway said that after he had studied official documents in the Soviet archives, including minutes from meetings of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, it became evident to him that Soviet officials at high levels paid close attention to foreign responses to these cases, and if someone was discharged, all dissidents felt the pressure had played a significant part and the more foreign pressure the better.

Guebuza is a former member of FRELIMO's ( Frente de Libertação de Moçambique-Mozambique Liberation Front ) Politburo and served briefly as part of a 10-member collective head of state after the unexpected death of Samora Machel in 1986.

The PDPA Politburo ordered the arrest of Keshtmand and Public Works Minister Muhammad Rafi ' i for their part in the possible anti-regime conspiracy.

Vyacheslav Molotov, an influential member of the Politburo, for his part declared: " Georgia provides a startling example of the breach between the Party and the mass of the peasantry in the country.

Li Changchun, the 5th-highest-ranking member of the Politburo Standing Committee, was quoted in The Economist saying that the Confucius Institutes were “ an important part of China ’ s overseas propaganda set-up ”— a statement that has been seized upon by critics as evidence of a politicized mission.

Trotsky was the only one in the Politburo who supported Gosplan in its feud with the Commissariat for Finance.

Stalin had managed to turn Lenin's hierarchical model on its head ; under Lenin the Party Congress and the Central Committee were the highest decision-making organs, under Stalin the Politburo, Secretariat and the Orgburo became the most important decision-making bodies.

The Politburo could not, despite its powers, elect a General Secretary not supported by the Central Committee.

However, as the membership in the Central Committee steadily increased, its role was eclipsed by the Politburo.

During Joseph Stalin's rule, the Politburo, and the Secretariat and Orgburo, lost its status as collective organs with de facto ruling capabilities.

The Politburo was responsible to, and its membership was subject to, the approval of the Central Committee.

In reality, the Politburo was a self-perpetuating body that served as the executive branch of the Soviet Union, and its decisions de facto had the force of law.

It delegates some of its powers to the Secretariat and the Politburo when it is not in session.

Yet in fact, the key roles were played by the Central Committee, its Politburo and Secretariat, which were subject to the strict control of the authorities of the Soviet Union.

While official ideology was de-emphasized, the PDPA did not lose its monopoly on power, and the Revolutionary Council, the equivalent to the rubber-stamp Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, continued to be ruled through its Presidium, the majority of Presidium members were from the PDPA Politburo.

The power of the Politburo resides largely in the fact that its members generally simultaneously hold positions within the People's Republic of China state positions and with the control over personnel appointments that the Politburo and Secretariat have.

The National Council conferred presidential powers upon its new speaker, Heydar Aliyev, former First Secretary of the Azerbaijani Communist Party ( 1969 – 81 ) and later a member of the Soviet Union's Politburo, the KGB, and USSR Deputy Prime Minister ( until 1987 ).

The Politburo is the centre of political power in the party with its membership drawn from and chosen by the Central Committee.

In 1987, Hue joined the Party's Central Committee and, in 1990, its Politburo.

In October, the Politburo decided on the Tet holiday as the launch date and met again in December to reaffirm its decision and formalize it at the 14th Plenary session of the Party Central Committee in January 1968.

He served as a member of the Central Committee and the Politburo of the CPI ( M ), before becoming its General Secretary in 1977, a designation he held until 1992.

Since the abolition of the post Chairman of the Communist Party of China in 1982, the General Secretary is the highest-ranking official of the party and heads the Secretariat, Politburo of the Party and its Standing Committee.

Despite being supposedly advisory its power surpassed that of the Politburo Standing Committee and was nicknamed the sitting committee.

He has been a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba and the Second Secretary of its Politburo since the Party's formation in October 1965 ; also, the First Vice President of the Cuban Council of State, of the National Assembly of the Popular Power and of the Council of Ministers since these were created in 1976.

However, in the first days of December, the entire SED Central Committee and Politburo resigned ; a working committee assumed the duties of Party leadership in its place.

After the 16th Party Congress in 2002, he has been a member of the 16th CPC Central Committee, a member of its Politburo and of the Politburo Standing Committee ( PSC ), the Party's central decision making body, and a member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee.

In 1979, Gorbachev was promoted to the Politburo, the highest authority in the country, and received full membership in 1980.

Although many of the members of the Politburo Standing Committee are associated with him, the Standing Committee does not have command authority over the civilian bureaucracy.

Although in theory the CMC has the highest military command authority, in reality the ultimate decision making power concerning war, armed forces, and national defense resides with the Communist Party ’ s Politburo.

Furthermore, in the early 1960s, the authority of Maurice Thorez was challenged by some members of the Politburo.

In January 1965, Mao suggested to the Party Politburo that the principal enemies of socialism in China were “ those people in authority within the Party who are taking the capitalist road ” and urged that the Party undertake a “ cultural revolution .” The Politburo established a five-man group, chaired by Peng Zhen, its fifth-ranking member and head of the Beijing Party Organization and mayor of the capital city.

In 1919 Unszlicht served briefly as an authority in Lithuania and Belarus, and in 1920 joined the Politburo of the Communist Party.

The authority of the party increased as a result, as did its control over the government and within the party the power of the Politburo grew.

The 31-member Council of State, in theory elected by the Assembly but hypothetically in practice appointed by the PCC, wields effective state power, and the PCC Politburo is assumed to be the ultimate political authority.

In 1964, he was publicly humiliated at Politburo meetings, dismissed from all posts of authority, declared ' an enemy of the Tibetan people ', had his dream journal confiscated and used against him, and then imprisoned.

He was the last person to be arrested, his imprisonment was postponed for five hours, during which time Amin, without having the authority and while the Politburo members were in prison, instructed the Khalqi army officers to overthrow the government.

Vyacheslav Molotov and Lazar Kaganovich, participants in the repression as members of the Politburo, maintained this justification throughout the purge ; they each signed many death lists.

Batmönkh decreed that the only way to end the situation was the resignation of the MPRP's Politburo, and maintained a strict policy of never using force.

** The Politburo, presently consisting of 25 full members ( including the members of the Politburo Standing Committee ); see current members of the Politburo for a complete list.

** The Politburo Standing Committee, which currently consists of nine members ; see current members of the Politburo Standing Committee for a complete list.

* Leadership of the CPSU Full list of members and candidate members of the Politburo includes dates on the body and year of death ( or execution ).