In 1453 when the last vestige of ancient Roman power fell to the Turks, the city officially shifted religions -- although the Patriarch, or Pope, of the Orthodox Church continued to live there, and still does -- and became the capital of the Ottoman Empire.

Although a recognition of sainthood by the Pope does not directly concern a fact of divine revelation, it must still be " definitively held " by the faithful as infallible under ( at the very least ) the Universal Magisterium of the Church since it is a truth connected to revelation by historical necessity.

Pope John Paul II on October 2, 2000 emphasized that this document did not say that non-Christians were actively denied salvation: "... this confession does not deny salvation to non-Christians, but points to its ultimate source in Christ, in whom man and God are united ".

The current Dalai Lama is often called " His Holiness " ( HH ) by Westerners ( by analogy with the Pope ), although this does not translate to a Tibetan title.

First, it does not explain why Mieszko I placed his state under the protection of the Pope.

According to Bede, Justus received letters of encouragement from Pope Boniface V ( 619 – 625 ), as did Mellitus, although Bede does not record the actual letters.

The best-known title, that of " Pope ", does not appear in the official list, but is commonly used in the titles of documents, and appears, in abbreviated form, in their signatures.

At his trial in 1415, Jan Hus argued that the Church does not necessarily need a Pope, because, during the Pontificate of " Pope Agnes " ( as he also called her ), it got on quite well.

The basis for this is because Pope Sixtus III's list of saints buried in St. Callistus ' Catacomb does not include Urban in the succession of Popes but rather in a list of foreign bishops.

Opponents of Harrison have argued that a phrase in Pope Pius XII's legislation " Cardinals who have been deposed or who have resigned, however, are barred and may not be reinstated even for the purpose of voting ", though it speaks of someone deposed or resigned from the cardinalate, not of someone who may have incurred automatic excommunication but has not been officially declared excommunicated, means that, even if someone is permitted to attend, that does not automatically translate into electability.

* June 15 – Pope Leo X issues the bull Exsurge Domine ( Arise O Lord ), threatening Martin Luther with excommunication if he does not recant his position on indulgences and other Catholic doctrines.

* May 24 – Pope Victor III succeeds Pope Gregory VII as the 158th pope, though he does not accept election until May 9, 1087.

In response to these criticisms, Pope John Paul II on October 2 of that year emphasized that this document did not say that non-Christians were denied salvation: " This confession does not deny salvation to non-Christians, but points to its ultimate source in Christ, in whom man and God are united.

He criticized radical liberation theology, saying, " this conception of Christ, as a political figure, a revolutionary, as the subversive of Nazareth, does not tally with the Church's catechisms "; however, he did speak of " the ever increasing wealth of the rich at the expense of the ever increasing poverty of the poor ", and affirmed that the principle of private property " must lead to a more just and equitable distribution of goods ... and, if the common good demands it, there is no need to hesitate at expropriation, itself, done in the right way "; on balance, the Pope offered neither praise nor condemnation.

Although the Patriarch of Moscow has extensive powers, unlike the Pope he does not have direct authority over matters pertaining to faith.

It has often been supposed that all the earliest Popes suffered martyrdom ; but the Roman Martyrology does not give Pope Soter the title of Martyr.

The notable occasions when he does leave are his taking part in the Festival of Fools — during which he is elected the Pope of Fools due to his perfect hideousness — and his subsequent attempt to kidnap Esmeralda, his rescue of Esmeralda from the gallows, his attempt to bring Phoebus to Esmeralda, and his final abandonment of the cathedral at the end of the novel.

While an assembly of the Synod of Bishops thus expresses its collective wishes, it does not issue decrees, unless in certain cases the Pope authorizes it to do so, and even then an assembly's decision requires ratification by the Pope.

The Da Vinci Code implies that Opus Dei is the Pope's personal prelature — but the term " personal prelature " does not refer to a special relationship to the Pope: It means an institution in which the jurisdiction of the prelate is not linked to a geographic territory but over persons, wherever they be.

It is likely that the Hwicce were converted to Christianity by Celtic Christians rather than by the mission from Pope Gregory I since Bede was well-informed on the latter yet does not mention the conversion of the Hwicce.

The LCMS does not teach, nor has it ever taught, that any individual Pope as a person is to be identified with the Antichrist.

Michelangelo was also commissioned by the Pope to paint the ' Crucifixion of St. Peter ' and the ' Conversion of St. Paul ' ( 1542 – 50 ), his last frescoes, in the Pauline Chapel of the Vatican.

In May 1819, still under orders from the Prince Regent, he left Vienna for Rome to paint Pope Pius VII and Cardinal Consalvi.

Although Michelangelo's complex design for the ceiling was not quite what his patron, Pope Julius II, had in mind when he commissioned Michelangelo to paint the Twelve Apostles, the scheme displayed a consistent iconographical pattern.

The Pope offered to allow Michelangelo to paint biblical scenes of his own choice as a compromise.

Pope Gregory XIII also commissioned the artist Giorgio Vasari to paint three frescos in the Sala Regia depicting the wounding of Coligny, his death, and Charles IX before Parliament, matching ones on the defeat of the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto ( 1571 ).

In 1483, Ghirlandaio was summoned to Rome by Pope Sixtus IV to paint a wall fresco in the Sistine Chapel, Vocation of the Apostles ; also attributed to him is the Sistine Chapel's Crossing of the Red Sea, although more likely executed by Cosimo Rosselli or Biagio d ' Antonio.

In 1488 Mantegna was called by Pope Innocent VIII to paint frescos in a chapel Belvedere in the Vatican.

Pope Sixtus IV commissioned Signorelli to paint some frescoes, now mostly very dim, in the shrine of Loreto — Angels, Doctors of the Church, Evangelists, Apostles, the Incredulity of Thomas and the Conversion of St Paul.

In 1508 Pope Julius II summoned artists to Rome, including Signorelli, Perugino, Pinturicchio and Il Sodoma to paint the large rooms in the Vatican Palace.

His commission by Pope Julius II to paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling resulted in the supreme masterpiece of figurative composition, which was to have profound effect on every subsequent generation of European artists.

Pope Gregory XIII sent the leader of the massacres a Golden Rose, and said that the massacres " gave him more pleasure than fifty Battles of Lepanto, and he commissioned Vasari to paint frescoes of it in the Vatican ".

* 5 September-Irish painter Henry Jones Thaddeus is granted permission to paint the first portrait of Pope Pius X.

Michelangelo never even got past making the preparatory drawings for the fresco he was supposed to paint on the opposite wall — Pope Julius II called him to Rome to paint the Sistine Chapel, and the master's sketches were destroyed by eager young artists who came to study them and took away scraps.

At several occasions, Christina let Dahl paint her portrait and she was able to establish an opportunity for Dahl to show a specimen of his work to Pope Innocent XI.

Broadcast in two series, it starred David Swift as Prince Ludovico, the ambitious and henpecked ruler of Monte Guano ( the smallest and most inconsequential city-state in Renaissance Italy ), Siân Phillips as his wife Princess Plethora, Graham Crowden as Francesco ( Ludovico's perpetually drunken secretary ), Saskia Wickham as Countess Rosalie ( Ludovico's mistress Plethora's full knowledge and approval ), and as Ludovico's perpetually squabbling sons: Nick Romero as the overly religious Salvatore ( whose ambition is to become Pope some day ), Paul Bigley as Allesandro ( an eternally hopeful would-be artist and inventor ) and Christopher Kellen as Guido ( a fierce follower of Martin Luther ).

König criticized the Pope for refusing to engage with what he considered " the spirit of progress that the Second Vatican Council had developed " and disagreed with what he perceived to be an overly centralised Church and too much control in the hands of the Roman Curia.

Notre Dame Professor of English, John E. Sitter used the term in 1977 in a discussion of Alexander Pope: " Pope's intent, I believe, is to chasten the reader's skepticism — the pseudo-skepticism of the overly confident ' you ' ... "

Dudley won the " Best Original Musical or Comedy Score " Oscar for her music ; The Gathering ( 2002 ) a Anthony Horowitz thriller directed by Brian Gilbert and starring Christina Ricci ; The Grotesque ( 1997 ) released in the US as Gentlemen Don't Eat Poets a British film starring Alan Bates, Theresa Russell and Sting ; Hollow Reed ( 1996 ) a drama directed by Angela Pope and set in Bath ; Knight Moves ( 1992 ) American thriller directed by Carl Schenkel and starring Christopher Lambert ; Lucky Break ( 2001 ) a British feelgood comedy starring James Nesbitt and based around a prison escape ; The Miracle Maker ( 2000 ) an animated feature film made for TV by BBC Wales with Russian model makers ; Monkeybone ( 2001 ) an American film combining live-action and stop-motion animation starring Brendan Fraser and Bridget Fonda ; Perfect Creature ( 2007 ) a New Zealand made horror / thriller film starring Leo Gregory ; Pushing Tin ( 1999 ) a comedy-drama film directed by Mike Newell based around air traffic controllers in New York ; The Pope Must Die ( 1991 ) a comedy film starring Robbie Coltrane the score was co-written with Jeff Beck ; Silence Like Glass ( Zwei Frauen ) ( 1989 ) German made but set in a cancer ward at a hospital in America ; Tristan & Isolde ( 2006 ) a Ridley Scott romantic drama based on the medieval romantic legend of Tristan and Iseult and starring James Franco and Sophia Myles ; The Walker ( 2007 ) a drama written and directed by Paul Schrader set in Washington, D. C .; Her TV music includes scores for all episodes of Jeeves and Wooster with Stephen Fry and Hugh Laurie ; Lynda La Plante's Above Suspicion ; Kavanagh QC with John Thaw and The Tenth Kingdom an American epic fantasy TV miniseries written by Simon Moore.

After learning her romantic interest, Elton Pope ( Marc Warren ), initially only befriended her to track Rose and the Doctor Jackie kicks him out of her house, stating a priority to defend the Doctor and Rose.

He was known for his romantic portrayal of the young Queen Elizabeth II in 1956, as well as for his portraits of Pope John XXIII, US Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, the Shah and Empress of Iran, Princess Margaret and several other members of the British royal family.