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The Proto-Elamite script is an Early Bronze Age writing system briefly in use for the ancient Elamite language before the introduction of Elamite Cuneiform.
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Proto-Elamite and script
Proto-Elamite script in clay, Susa, Uruk period ( 3200 BC to 2700 BC ).
The Proto-Elamite script is thought to have developed from early cuneiform ( proto-cuneiform ).
The Proto-Elamite script consists of more than 1, 000 signs and is thought to be partly logographic.
* Proto-Elamite: c. 3200 BC – 2700 BC ( Proto-Elamite script in Susa )
Proponents of the hypothesis claim similarities between the early Harappan script, which has not been deciphered, and early Proto-Elamite script.
The Proto-Elamite script is thought to have developed from early cuneiform ( proto-cuneiform ).
The Proto-Elamite script consists of more than 1, 000 signs and is thought to be partly logographic.
Texts in the undeciphered Proto-Elamite script found in Susa are dated to this period.
Proto-Elamite script in clay, Susa, Uruk period ( 3200 BC to 2700 BC ).
It is uncertain whether the Proto-Elamite script may be considered the direct predecessor of Linear Elamite.
Proponents of an Elamo-Dravidian relationship have looked for similarities between the Proto-Elamite and the Indus script.
# REDIRECT Proto-Elamite # Proto-Elamite script
Proto-Elamite and is
Proto-Elamite is the oldest known writing system from Iran.
It is often claimed that Linear Elamite is a syllabic writing system derived from Proto-Elamite, although this cannot be proven.
It is considered to be the site of Proto-Elamite cultural formation.
* Proto-Elamite is the oldest known writing system from Iran.
It is often claimed that Linear Elamite is a syllabic writing system derived from Proto-Elamite, although this cannot be proven.
The Proto-Elamite period is the time of ca.
Besides Susa, one important Proto-Elamite site is Teppe Sialk, where the only remaining Proto-Elamite ziggurat is still seen.
It is thought that the Proto-Elamites were in fact Elamites ( Elamite speakers ), because of the many cultural similarities ( for example, the building of ziggurats ), and because no large-scale migration to this area seems to have occurred between the Proto-Elamite period and the later Elamites.
Whereas proto-cuneiform is written in visual hierarchies, Proto-Elamite is written in an in-line style: numerical signs follow the objects they count ; some non-numerical signs are ' images ' of the objects they represent, although the majority are entirely abstract.
Proto-Elamite was used for a brief period around 3000 BC ( presumably contemporaneous with Uruk III, or Jemdet Nasr in Mesopotamia ), whereas Linear Elamite is attested for a similarly brief period in the last quarter of the 3rd millennium BC.
Although Proto-Elamite remains undeciphered, the content of many texts is known.
While the Elamite language has been suggested as a likely candidate underlying the Proto-Elamite inscriptions, there is no positive evidence of this.
Proto-Elamite and writing
3200 – 2900 BC ); clay tablets with Proto-Elamite writing have been found at different sites across Iran.
Proto-Elamite influence from the Persian plateau in Susa becomes visible from about 3200 BC, and texts in the still undeciphered Proto-Elamite writing system continue to be present until about 2700 BC.
3100 – 2900 BC ); clay tablets with Proto-Elamite writing have been found at different sites across Iran.
It has been suggested that some early writing systems, including Proto-Elamite, may not relate to spoken languages in the way that modern writing systems do.
Proto-Elamite pottery dating back to the last half of the 5th millennium BC has been found in Sialk, where Proto-Elamite writing, the first form of writing in Iran, has been found on tablets of this date.
The Proto-Elamite writing system was used over a very large geographical area, stretching from Susa in the west, to Tepe Yahya in the east, and perhaps beyond.
Proto-Elamite and Elamite
at Tall-i Malyan included primarily Proto-Elamite and Middle Elamite
Proto-Elamite and Cuneiform
* Jacob L. Dahl, " Complex Graphemes in Proto-Elamite ," in Cuneiform Digital Library Journal ( CDLJ ) 2005: 3.
Proto-Elamite and .
Proto-Elamite civilization grew up east of the Tigris and Euphrates alluvial plains ; it was a combination of the lowlands and the immediate highland areas to the north and east.
In addition, some Proto-Elamite sites are found well outside this area, spread out on the Iranian plateau ; such as Warakshe, Sialk ( now a suburb of the modern city of Kashan ) and Jiroft in Kerman Province.
The Proto-Elamite city of Susa was founded around 4000 BC in the watershed of the river Karun.
The Proto-Elamite period ends with the establishment of the Awan dynasty.
The Proto-Elamite states in Jiroft and Zabol, present a special case because of their great antiquity.
* Ilene M. Nicholas, The Proto-Elamite Settlement at Tuv, Malyan Excavation Reports Volume 1, University of Pennsylvania Museum Publication, 1991, ISBN 0-934718-86-5
script and is
Even for those who have been observing the political scene a long time, no script from the past is worth very much in gazing into the state's immediate political future.
In the Middle Bronze Age an apparently " alphabetic " system known as the Proto-Sinaitic script is thought by some to have been developed in the Sinai peninsula during the 19th century BC, by Canaanite workers in the Egyptian turquoise mines.
The Proto-Sinaitic script eventually developed into the Phoenician alphabet, which is conventionally called " Proto-Canaanite " before ca.
The oldest text in Phoenician script is an inscription on the sarcophagus of King Ahiram.
This script is the parent script of all western alphabets.
The South Arabian alphabet, a sister script to the Phoenician alphabet, is the script from which the Ge ' ez alphabet ( an abugida ) is descended.
Another notable script is Elder Futhark, which is believed to have evolved out of one of the Old Italic alphabets.
The Old Hungarian script is a contemporary writing system of the Hungarians.
Most alphabetic scripts of India and Eastern Asia are descended from the Brahmi script, which is often believed to be a descendant of Aramaic.
In the wider sense, an alphabet is a script that is segmental at the phoneme level — that is, it has separate glyphs for individual sounds and not for larger units such as syllables or words.
The earliest known alphabet in the wider sense is the Wadi el-Hol script, believed to be an abjad, which through its successor Phoenician is the ancestor of modern alphabets, including Arabic, Greek, Latin ( via the Old Italic alphabet ), Cyrillic ( via the Greek alphabet ) and Hebrew ( via Aramaic ).
For example, Sorani Kurdish is written in the Arabic script, which is normally an abjad.
However, in Kurdish, writing the vowels is mandatory, and full letters are used, so the script is a true alphabet.
In the Pollard script, an abugida, vowels are indicated by diacritics, but the placement of the diacritic relative to the consonant is modified to indicate the tone.
More rarely, a script may have separate letters for tones, as is the case for Hmong and Zhuang.
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