Beginning of the Republic of Metz.

Beginning of the Republic of Metz.

Ending of the Republic of Metz.

The Republic of Metz was organized around three legislature: the Head-Alderman representing the city, a comity of 13 aldermen acting as Lay community counsellors, and a House of Burgesses giving its opinion.

The Republic of Metz ruled until the 15th century and was the most prosperous period of the city, being renown as " Metz, the Rich One ".

Under the rule of the Kings of France, important constitutional changes were made to the Republic of Metz.

Later, an Intendant and a Bailiff were sent to enforce the king's authority in the city, ending ultimately the Republic of Metz in 1634.

During the Second French Empire, Metz hosted in 1861 the 4th universal world's fair on the Republic square and the Esplanade garden.

Statistics on ethnic and religious groups of the population of Metz are haphazard, as the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs.

He was sentenced to death by the government of the Third Republic, for his surrender of the fortress city of Metz and his army of 180, 000 men to the Prussians on 27 October 1870, during the Franco-Prussian War.

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Rafael Trujillo, the often blood-thirsty dictator of the Dominican Republic for 31 years, perhaps deserved his fate in an even-handed appraisal of history.

In a famous passage that is often considered the first specimen of alternative history, Livy speculates on what would have been the outcome of a military showdown between Alexander the Great and the Roman Republic.

States often said to exhibit crony capitalism include the People's Republic of China ; India, especially up to the early 1990s when manufacturing was strictly controlled by the government ( the " Licence Raj "); Indonesia ; Argentina ; Brazil ; United Kingdom ; Malaysia ; Israel ; Russia ; the United States ; Tasmania ; and most other ex-Eastern Bloc states.

Other languages use fricative and often trilled segments as syllabic nuclei, as in Czech and several languages in Democratic Republic of the Congo, and China, including Mandarin Chinese.

In the mid-to-late Republic, however, plebeians were often just as, and sometimes more, wealthy and powerful than patricians.

Although Ireland left the Commonwealth in 1949, it is often treated as if it were a member, with references being made in legal documents to ' the Commonwealth and the Republic of Ireland ', and its citizens are not classified as foreign nationals, particularly in the United Kingdom.

This word has often been employed as an epithet in Eastern European legends ( Sabya Damaskinya or Sablja Dimiskija meaning " Damascene saber "), including the Serbian and Bulgarian legends of Prince Marko, a historical figure of the late 14th century in what is currently the Republic of Macedonia.

Quintus Ennius ( c. 239 – c. 169 BC ) was a writer during the period of the Roman Republic, and is often considered the father of Roman poetry.

In 1949 the Soviet zone became the " Deutsche Demokratische Republik " – " DDR " (" German Democratic Republic " – " GDR ", simply often " East Germany "), under control of the German Communist Party.

The last of the above often forms the basis for the simplification of many traditional Chinese characters by the government of the People's Republic of China.

However, in official usage in the Republic of Ireland, the term often refers to the 29 modern counties.

He continued with a series of pioneering projects, culminating in his two European masterworks: the temporary German Pavilion for the Barcelona exposition ( often called the Barcelona Pavilion ) in 1929 ( a 1986 reconstruction is now built on the original site ) and the elegant Villa Tugendhat in Brno, Czech Republic, completed in 1930.

Laar's reforms are often credited with responsibility for transforming Estonia from an impoverished Soviet Republic to the " Baltic Tiger.

The foreign relations of North Korea ( officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea ) are often tense and unpredictable.

Under a federalist constitution that was later brought up in 1858 ( and another one in 1863 ), Panama and other constituent states gained almost complete autonomy on many levels of their administration, which led to an often anarchic national state of affairs that lasted roughly until Colombia's return to centralism in 1886 with the establishment of a new Republic of Colombia.

With the popular dream of unity still a popular force that politicians often thought they had to give lip service to, Egypt, Syria and Iraq entered into an abortive agreement in 1963 to form a new " United Arab Republic ," which was to be entirely federal in structure, leaving each member state its identity and institutions.

In the Republic of Moldova, besides the term limba română, the language is also often called limba moldovenească (" Moldovan "); to avoid the political overtones both terms have in that country, a compromise solution has been to call it limba de stat (" the state language ").

From north to south, the country ranges from the northern tip of the Russian Arctic islands at Franz Josef Land to the southern tip of the Republic of Dagestan on the Caspian Sea, spanning about of extremely varied, often inhospitable terrain.

The legions of the late Republic and early Empire are often called Marian legions.

The South African Republic (, or ZAR ), often informally known as the Transvaal Republic, was an independent Boer-ruled country in Southern Africa during the second half of the 19th century.

Before the 1980s, the North American phrase " trick-or-treat " was little known in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland and when introduced was often regarded as an unusual and even unwelcome import.

Upon attaining state power these Fronts were often transformed into nominal ( and usually electoral ) " National " or " Fatherland " Fronts in which non-communist parties and organizations were given token representation ( a practice known as Blockpartei ), the most popular examples of these being the National Front of East Germany ( as a historical example ) and the United Front of the People's Republic of China ( as a modern-day example ).

Marcus Junius Brutus ( early June, 85 BC – late October, 42 BC ), often referred to as Brutus, was a politician of the late Roman Republic.

The United Arab Republic ( Al-Gumhuriyah Al-Arabiyah Al-Muttahidah, Al-Jumhuriyah Al-Arabiyah Al-Muttahidah ), often abbreviated as the U. A. R., was a sovereign union between Egypt and Syria.

, across the envelope, and now Theresa had it, all as easily as if she had been the President of the Republic or the Pope.

* 2008 – A EuroCity express train en-route from Kraków, Poland to Prague, Czech Republic strikes a part of a motorway bridge that had fallen onto the railroad track near Studénka railway station in the Czech Republic and derails, killing 8 people and injuring 64 others.

* 1849 – After a month-long siege, Venice, which had declared itself independent as the Republic of San Marco, surrenders to Austria.

Fibonacci, a mathematician born in the Republic of Pisa who had studied in Béjaïa ( Bougie ), Algeria, promoted the Indian numeral system in Europe with his book Liber Abaci, written in 1202:

* 1965 – Civil war breaks out in the Dominican Republic when Colonel Francisco Caamaño, overthrows the triumvirate that had been in power since the coup d ' état against Juan Bosch.

Reaction to the withdrawal by both the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China was much milder than many had predicted, following months of discussion with both Russia and China aimed at convincing both that development of a National Missile Defense was not directed at them.

Since the Weimar Republic lacked the quantity of raw materials available to the United States and Great Britain, it had to rely on the proficiency of a skilled labor force and an ability to export innovative and high quality goods.

On 30 June 1878, a feast had been arranged in Paris by official decision to honour the French Republic ( the event was commemorated in a painting by Claude Monet ).

For the Grand Alliance – Austria, England, and the Dutch Republic – the battle had followed an indecisive campaign against the Bourbon armies of King Louis XIV of France in 1705.

In the end England and the Dutch Republic took control of the newly won territory for the duration of the war ; after which it was to be handed over to the direct rule of ‘ Charles III ’, subject to the reservation of a Dutch Barrier, the extent and nature of which had yet to be settled.

The United States Department of State approved the lifting of Section 508 aid restrictions triggered by the coup ; U. S. assistance to the Central African Republic had been prohibited except in the areas of humanitarian aid and support for democratization.

This national constabulary force was formed in October 1960, replacing the Guard of the Republic that had been established in 1958.

Its aim was to establish the free Republic of Cubanacán, and it had branches in five districts of the island.

In 2003, the NZBS further extended restrictions to preclude permanently donors who had received a blood transfusion in the United Kingdom since January 1980, and in April 2006, restrictions were further extended to include the Republic of Ireland and France.

When Chiang was defeated by CPC forces in mainland China in 1949, he retreated to Taiwan with his government and his most disciplined troops, along with most of the KMT leadership and a large number of their supporters ; Chiang Kai-shek had taken effective control of Taiwan at the end of WWII as part of the overall Japanese surrender, when Japanese troops in Taiwan surrendered to Republic of China troops.

The ancient Roman concept of virtus ( i. e. of virtue that had to be proved by a political or military career ), which Cicero suggested as the solution to the societal problems of the late Republic, meant little to them.

In 2006, the Czech Republic had a total 121 airports.

The short-lived Bolognese Republic, proclaimed in 1796 as a French client republic in the Central Italian city of Bologna, had a government consisting of nine consuls and its head of state was the Presidente del Magistrato, i. e., chief magistrate, a presiding office held for four months by one of the consuls.

Because the consul was the highest executive office within the Republic, they had the power to veto any action or proposal by any other magistrate, save that of the Tribune of the Plebs.

He emphasized the Eleusinian mysteries which had been practiced by so many during the Republic.

After the abolition of the monarchy and the founding of the Republic, the consuls had responsibility for the census until 443 BC.

In August 1918, in the Soviet Republic had accounted for some 75 Uyezd-level Extraordinary Commissions.

In 1990, it was discovered in the archive of the Stasi ( the state security service of the former German Democratic Republic ) that a member of CND's governing council, Vic Allen, had passed information to them about CND.