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The Roman forts of Vercovicium ( Housesteads ) on Hadrian's Wall, and Vindolanda ( Chesterholm ) built to guard the Stanegate, had extensive civil settlements surrounding them.
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Roman and forts
The fortress at Inchtuthil was dismantled and the Caledonian forts and watchtowers abandoned, moving the Roman frontier some 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) further south.
Archaeology has shown that some Roman forts south of the Forth-Clyde isthmus were rebuilt and enlarged, although others appear to have been abandoned.
Around 105, however, there appears to have been a serious setback at the hands of the tribes of the Picts of Alba: several Roman forts were destroyed by fire, with human remains and damaged armour at Trimontium ( at modern Newstead, in SE Scotland ) indicating hostilities at least at that site.
A series of forts was already being built, starting around 280, to defend the coasts, but these preparations were not enough when a general assault of Saxons, Irish and Attacotti, combined with apparent dissension in the garrison on Hadrian's Wall, left Roman Britain prostrate in 367.
During the Late Roman period it is likely that the shore forts played some role in continental trade alongside their defensive functions.
In addition to attacking cities and fortifications, these would be used to help defend Roman forts and fortified camps ( castra ) as well.
Saxon raiders had been harassing the eastern and southern shores of Britannia for centuries before, prompting the construction of a string of coastal forts called the Litora Saxonica or Saxon Shore, and many Saxons and other folk had been permitted to settle in these areas as farmers long before the end of Roman rule in Britannia.
* The Batavians attack Roman forts on the Rhine frontier ; Fectio and Traiectum ( modern Utrecht ) are destroyed.
* Merchants in Britain build structures outside the forts of Hadrian's Wall and offer goods and services ( including brothels ) to Roman soldiers, who receive salaries in a region that otherwise has virtually no ready money.
* The Huns under Uldin cross the lower Danube and attack the Eastern Roman Empire, setting fire to frontier forts and taking control of the Castra Martis ( modern Bulgaria ).
The earliest Roman forts at Vindolanda were built of wood and turf.
The victory over the legions was followed by a clean sweep of all Roman forts, garrisons and cities — of which there were at least two — east of the Rhine ; the remaining two Roman legions, commanded by Varus ' nephew Lucius Nonius Asprenas, were content to try to hold that river.
German tribes destroy Roman forts and plunder the countryside at the Limes Germanicus.
While Fritigern asked Valens to allow the Thervingi to cross the northern Roman border and settle in Moesia or Thracia, with the Danube River and Roman frontier forts protecting them from the Huns, ( thus this was a form of asylum ), Athanaric and many of his followers retreated to Caucaland ( probably Transylvania ).
* The Huns, led by Attila, attack Constanţa ( modern Romania ), one of the few remaining Roman forts on the northern bank of the Danube and designated as a secure trading post.
Roman bath-houses were also provided for private villas, town houses and forts ; these were also called thermae.
Archaeological evidence in Serbia and Macedonia conclude that the White Serbs may have reached the Balkans earlier, between 550 – 600, as much findings ; fibulae and pottery found at Roman forts, point at Serb characteristics.
Historically part of Cumberland, the early history of Carlisle is marked by its status as a Roman settlement, established to serve the forts on Hadrian's Wall.
Certainly Roman forts existed north of the wall, and forts as far north as Cramond may have been in long-term occupation.
The envoys insisted that the conflict was caused by the building of Roman forts in their lands ; furthermore individual bands of Quadi were not necessarily bound to the rule of the chiefs who had made treaties with the Romans – and thus might attack the Romans at any time.
Burgh Castle is the site of one of several Roman forts constructed to hold cavalry as a defence against Saxon raids up the rivers of the east and south coasts of southern Britain ( the Saxon Shore ).
There may have been at least two previous Roman forts on the site.
Roman and Vercovicium
The name of Mars Thingsus ( Thincsus ) is found in an inscription on an 3rd century altar from the Roman fort and settlement of Vercovicium at Housesteads in Northumberland, thought to have been erected by Frisian mercenaries stationed at Hadrian's Wall.
* Vercovicium Roman Museum, Housesteads, Northumberland, England.
* Vercovicium, ( or Housesteads Roman Fort ) was an auxiliary fort on Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland
There are a number of remains of Roman army barracks in frontier forts such as Vercovicium and Vindolanda.
Vercovicium, now known as Housesteads Roman Fort, was an auxiliary fort on Hadrian's Wall, in the Roman province of Britannia.
This same name was found on two altar stones found in the ruins of Vercovicium, a Roman guard post on Hadrian's Wall near present-day Housesteads in Northern England.
The path passes the Roman fort at Vercovicium ( Housesteads ), which has been extensively restored and contains much of interest.
Roman and Housesteads
The Alaisiagae were Germanic deities who were worshipped in Roman Britain, altar-stones raised to them having been recovered in the United Kingdom at Housesteads Fort, Hadrian's Wall in England.
It contained altars dedicated by the commanders and men of all three units known to be stationed at Housesteads to the god Mars Thincsus, the Romanized aspect of a Teutonic god, a common occurrence among the Roman auxiliary units.
For the next the route coincides with the Hadrian's Wall Path, following the wall closely past Once Brewed to Rapishaw Gap, a mile west of the Housesteads Roman Fort.
The latrines of Housesteads Roman Fort along Hadrian's Wall.
* J. C. Crow, Housesteads Roman Fort and its Environs, Univ.
* Housesteads Roman Fort-The Grandest Station
* Tour of Housesteads Roman Fort
* Verovicium Roman Museum, Housesteads Fort, Northumberland, England.
* Verovicium Roman Museum, Housesteads Fort, Northumberland, England.
* Verovicium Roman Museum, Housesteads Fort, Northumberland, England.
* Verovicium Roman Museum, Housesteads Fort, Northumberland, England
Roman and on
He thereby precipitated a bitter controversy involving Protestants, Jews and Roman Catholics that continued for two months, until the city's Board of Hospitals lifted the ban on birth-control therapy.
The Roman Catholic Church, however, sanctions a much more liberal policy on family planning.
As you approach the church on the Via D. Baullari you are passing within yards of the remains of the Roman Theatre of Pompey, near which is believed to have been the place where Julius Caesar was assassinated.
Giovanni Bernini's `` Fountain of the Rivers '', in the center of the piazza, is built around a Roman obelisk from the Circus of Maxentius which rests on grottoes and rocks, with four huge figures, one at each corner, denoting four great rivers from different continents -- the Danube, the Ganges, the Nile, and the Plate.
The nineteenth-century immigration, whether Protestant or Roman Catholic, was not so much concerned, for very few if any among them held slaves: they were mostly in the Northern states where slavery had disappeared or was on the way out, or were too poverty-stricken to own slaves.
They looked at the ruins of the old Roman wall on the lower Via Veneto, then they went to the Farnese Gardens.
Apollo's role as the slayer of the Python led to his association with battle and victory ; hence it became the Roman custom for a paean to be sung by an army on the march and before entering into battle, when a fleet left the harbour, and also after a victory had been won.
The life-size so-called " Adonis " found in 1780 on the site of a villa suburbana near the Via Labicana in the Roman suburb of Centocelle is identified as an Apollo by modern scholars.
Under Parthian and Sassanian Iranian empires, scholars concentrated on exchanging knowledge and inventions by the countries around them – India, China, and the Roman Empire, when it is thought to be expanded over the other countries.
The short grooves on the right may have been used for marking Roman ounces.
Instead of running on wires as in the Chinese and Japanese models, the beads of Roman model run in grooves, presumably making arithmetic calculations much slower.
Protracted conflict through the seventeenth century with more radical Protestants on the one hand and Roman Catholics who still recognised the primacy of the Pope on the other, resulted in an association of churches that were both deliberately vague about doctrinal principles, yet bold in developing parameters of acceptable deviation.
Since some of the Roman months were named in honor of divinities, and as April was sacred to the goddess Venus, the Festum Veneris et Fortunae Virilis being held on the first day, it has been suggested that Aprilis was originally her month Aphrilis, from her equivalent Greek goddess name Aphrodite ( Aphros ), or from the Etruscan name Apru.
In the ordinary form of the Roman Rite, if 2 November falls on a Sunday, the Mass is of All Souls, but the Liturgy of the Hours is that of the Sunday.
) In the extraordinary form of the Roman Rite and in the Anglican Communion, All Souls Day is instead transferred, whenever 2 November falls on a Sunday, to the next day, 3 November.
The earliest articles of faith were said to have been composed in the first century by the apostles themselves and sung publicly while on mission ( see Old Roman Symbol ).
In about 20 BC, the Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius wrote a treatise on the acoustic properties of theatres including discussion of interference, echoes, and reverberation — the beginnings of architectural acoustics.
In contrast, in the Arian German kingdoms established on the wreckage of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, there were entirely separate Arian and Nicene Churches with parallel hierarchies, each serving different sets of believers.
* 8 – Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats Dalmatae on the river Bathinus.
He was born at Ox Head, a small property on the Palatine Hill, very close to the Roman Forum.
To make a successful entry into the upper echelons of the Roman political hierarchy, Octavian could not rely on his limited funds.
Constance was a missionary bishopric in newly converted lands, and did not look back on late Roman church history ( unlike the Raetian bishopric of Chur, established 451 ) and Basel, which was an episcopal seat from 740, and which continued the line of Bishops of Augusta Raurica, see Bishop of Basel.
During Virgil's time Aeneas was well-known and various versions of his adventures were circulating in Rome, including Roman Antiquities by Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus ( relying on Marcus Terentius Varro, Ab Urbe Condita by Livy ( probably dependent on Quintus Fabius Pictor, fl.
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