Despite the failure of Philip's Bastarnae strategy, the suspicion aroused by these events in the Roman Senate, which had been warned by the Dardani of the Bastarnae invasion, ensured the demise of Macedonia as an independent state.

Once he had established himself as sole ruler of the Roman state in 30 BC, Caesar's grand-nephew and adopted son Augustus inaugurated a strategy of advancing the empire's southeastern European border to the line of the Danube from the Alps, the Dinaric Alps and Macedonia.

Lacking a strong general to control the by-now mostly barbarian Roman Army, Honorius could do little to attack Alaric's forces directly, and apparently adopted the only strategy he could in the situation: wait passively for the Visigoths to grow weary and spend the time marshalling what forces he could.

The strategy was in part ruined because of a lack of unity in the command of the Roman army, since Fabius ' Master of the Horse, Minucius, was a political enemy of Fabius.

He rallied the people, through the Roman assemblies, and won their support for his plan to abandon Fabius ' strategy, and engage Hannibal directly.

Departing from Roman military traditions, Fabius adopted the strategy named after him: avoiding open battle, while placing several Roman armies in Hannibal ’ s vicinity in order to watch and limit his movements.

" British Imperialist strategy often but not always used the concept of terra nullius ( Latin expression which stems from Roman law meaning ‘ empty land ’).

Hannibal defeated the Roman legions in several major engagements, including the Battle of the Trebia, the Battle of Lake Trasimene and most famously at the Battle of Cannae, but his long-term strategy failed.

Having been appointed governor of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis ( modern Provence ) in 58 BC, Julius Caesar proceeded to conquer the Gallic tribes beyond over the next few years, maintaining control through a careful divide and rule strategy.

He adopted the policy of retreating to natural fortifications, and undertook an early example of a scorched earth strategy by burning towns to prevent the Roman legions from living off the land.

Nine Men's Morris is a strategy board game for two players that emerged from the Roman Empire.

* Roman infantry tactics, strategy and battle formations

His appointment reflects the Roman Senate's dissatisfaction with the cautious strategy of the propraetor, Gaius Claudius Nero, then commander in Spain north of the Ebro.

* In Invasio Barbarorum, a modification of the strategy game Rome: Total War, Stilicho is a western Roman general.

The view had prevailed since the Roman times, and the borderline between strategy and tactics at this time was blurred, and sometimes categorization of a decision is a matter of almost personal opinion.

In the Thirty Years ' War, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden demonstrated advanced operational strategy that led to victories in Holy Roman Empire area.

He my have been responsible for creating the strategy which his son Hannibal Barca implemented in the Second Punic War to bring the Roman Republic close to defeat.

While Aemilian descended upon Rome along the Flaminian Way, Trebonianus Gallus and his son and colleague Volusianus had him proclaimed " enemy of the State " by the Roman senate, then exited Rome to meet the usurper ; this strategy is a clue that Aemilian's army was smaller than theirs, as it is probable that they did not expect the reinforcements to come in time, but trusted their larger army to win the clash.

As the Roman people recovered from the shock of Hannibal's initial victories, they began to question the wisdom of the Fabian strategy which had given the Carthaginian army a chance to regroup.

Unimpressed with Fabius ' strategy, the Roman Senate did not renew his dictatorial powers at the end of his term, and command was given to consuls Gnaeus Servilius Geminus and M. Atilius Regulus.

It appears that Hannibal had already realized that the command of the Roman army alternated, and planned his strategy accordingly.

During the Second Punic War, for example, Hannibal diverted his army to conquer cities simply to gather supplies ; his strategy in crossing the Alps necessitated traveling with as few provisions as possible, expecting the Roman stores to sustain them when they had breached the border.

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Also Pacatianus, Roman usurper | usurper against Philip, celebrated the Saeculum Novum.

Other famous victims are Philip II of Macedon ( 336 BC ), the father of Alexander the Great, and Roman consul Julius Caesar ( 44 BC ).

After nearly 20 years of slavish adherence to the Roman Senate's dictats, Philip had been goaded beyond endurance by the incessant and devastating raiding of the Dardani, a warlike Thraco-Illyrian tribe on his northern border, which his treaty-limited army was too small to counter effectively.

It was the abuse of these treasuries by Philip of Macedon and the later sacking of the Treasuries, first by the Celts, and later by Sulla, the Roman Dictator, that led to the eclipse of Greek civilization and the eventual growth of Rome.

Formally given to bishop Philip of Senj, the permission to use the Glagolitic liturgy ( the Roman Rite conducted in Slavic language instead of Latin, not the Byzantine rite ), actually extended to all Croatian lands, mostly along the Adriatic coast.

Juana, Isabella's second daughter, married into the Habsburg dynasty when she wed Philip the Handsome, the son of Maximilian I, King of Bohemia ( Austria ) and entitled to the crown of the Holy Roman Emperor.

Otto IV had the upper hand and became the Holy Roman Emperor at the expense of Philip of Swabia.

In an additional aftermath of the Battle of Bouvines, John's ally Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV was overthrown by Frederick II, member of the House of Hohenstaufen and ally of Philip.

" During that same year, the Greek cities in Sicily were induced to revolt against Roman political control, while the Macedonian king, Philip V, pledged his support to Hannibal – thus initiating the First Macedonian War against Rome.

He allied himself with the leaders of Flanders, Boulogne and the Holy Roman Empire to apply pressure on Philip from Germany.

* Kenrick, Philip M. ( 1986 ), Excavations at Sabratha, 1948-1951: a Report on the Excavations conducted by Kathleen Kenyon and John Ward-Perkins, ( Journal of Roman Studies Monographs 2 ), London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, 1986.

The current position of the Roman Catholic Church is that the medieval persecution of the Knights Templar was unjust, that nothing was inherently wrong with the Order or its Rule, and that Pope Clement was pressed into his actions by the magnitude of the public scandal and by the dominating influence of King Philip IV, who was Clement's relative.

The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia from the 1220s gives a firsthand account of the Christianization of Livonia, granted as a fief by the Hohenstaufen Holy Roman Emperor, de facto but not known as the King of Germany, Philip of Swabia, to Bishop Albert of Buxthoeven, nephew of the Hartwig II, Archbishop of Bremen, who sailed with a convoy of ships filled with armed crusaders to carve out a Catholic territory in the east during the Livonian Crusade.

From 1301 the upper Meuse roughly marked the western border of the Holy Roman Empire with the Kingdom of France, after Count Henry III of Bar had to receive the western part of the County of Bar ( Barrois mouvant ) as a French fief from the hands of King Philip IV.

Philip persuaded Parliament to repeal the Protestant religious laws passed by Mary's father, thus returning the English church to Roman jurisdiction.

Philip of Burgundy, 57th Bishop of Utrecht ( 1517 – 1524 ), through a family connection with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, secured a significant concession from Pope Leo X, granting internal autonomy in both church and temporal affairs for himself and his successors without interference from outside their jurisdictional region.

He also encouraged the plans of Philip II to dethrone Elizabeth I of England ( reigned from 1558 – 1603 ), thus helping to develop an atmosphere of subversion and imminent danger among English Protestants, who looked on any Roman Catholic as a potential traitor.

The next year was consumed by the rival claims of antipopes Constantine II ( installed by a faction of Tuscan nobles ) and Philip ( the candidate of the Lombards ), who were forced out of office by the efforts of Christophorus, the Primicerius of the notaries, and his son Sergius, the Treasurer of the Roman church.

It is the business of the pope to look after the interests of the Roman empire, since the empire derives its origin and its final authority from the papacy ; its origin, because it was originally transferred from Greece by and for the sake of the papacy ... its final authority, because the emperor is raised to his position by the pope who blesses him, crowns him and invests him with the empire .... Therefore, since three persons have lately been elected king by different parties, namely the youth son of Henry VI, Philip Hohenstaufen, brother of Henry VI, and Otto Brunswick, of the Welf family, so also three things must be taken into account in regard to each one, namely: the legality, the suitability and the expediency of his election ...... Far be it from us that we should defer to man rather than to God, or that we should fear the countenance of the powerful .... On the foregoing grounds, then, we decide that the youth should not at present be given the empire ; we utterly reject Philip for his manifest unfitness and we order his usurpation to be resisted by all .... since Otto is not only himself devoted to the church, but comes from devout ancestors on both sides ..... therefore we decree that he ought to be accepted and supported as king, and ought to be given the crown of empire, after the rights of the Roman church have been secured.

Philip went on the Third Crusade ( 1189 – 1192 ) with Richard I of England and the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick I Barbarossa.

To prevent Richard from spoiling their plans, Philip and John attempted to bribe the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI to keep the English king captive for a little while longer.