Excepting a few ineffective attempts to revive scythed chariots, and continuing far eastern use, the use of chariots in battle was obsolete in civilized nations by the time of the Persian defeat at the hands of Alexander the Great, but chariots remained in use for ceremonial purposes such as carrying the victorious general in a Roman triumph, or for racing.

This campaign is derided by ancient historians with accounts of Gauls dressed up as Germanic tribesmen at his triumph and Roman troops ordered to collect seashells as " spoils of the sea ".

For his victory, the Senate awarded Titus a Roman triumph.

Many of the Roman symbols both of war and of civil office date from his reign, and he was the first to celebrate a Roman triumph, after the Etruscan fashion, wearing a robe of purple and gold, and borne on a chariot drawn by four horses.

* 752 BC – Romulus, legendary first king of Rome, celebrates the first Roman triumph after his victory over the Caeninenses, following The Rape of the Sabine Women.

* 509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola, Roman consul, celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia.

* The emperor Claudius returns from his British campaign in triumph, the southeast part of Britannia now held by the Roman Empire, but the war will rage for another decade and a half.

* Emperor Domitian recalls Agricola back to Rome, where he is rewarded with a triumph and the governorship of the Roman province Africa, but he declines it.

* Priscus Attalus, Roman usurper, is forced to participate in a triumph celebrated by emperor Honorius in the streets of Rome.

The origins and development of this honour were obscure: Roman historians placed the first triumph in the mythical past.

While most Roman festivals were calendar fixtures, the tradition and law that reserved a triumph to extraordinary victory ensured that its celebration, procession and attendant feasting and public games promoted the status, achievements and person of the triumphator.

Nevertheless, the triumph is considered a characteristically Roman ceremony which represented Roman wealth, power and grandeur, and has been consciously imitated by medieval and later states in the royal entry and other ceremonial events.

Plutarch ( as well as Roman sources ) accorded the first Roman triumph to Romulus, in celebration of his victory over King Acron of the Caeninenses, traditionally coeval with Rome's foundation in 753 BCE: this was held to explain the unique ritual costume of the vir triumphalis.

Dionysius of Halicarnassus ' imaginative account of Romulus ' triumph ( almost certainly informed by equally nostalgic Roman sources ) led him to reflect that the triumphs of his own day ( Ca 60 BCE – after 7 BCE ) " departed in every respect from the ancient tradition of frugality ".

It is difficult to determine what is a " real " Roman triumph in the late period.

Roman triumph | Triumph of Basil II through the Forum of Constantine, from the Madrid Skylitzes

His problem was that despite his military successes, he was eclipsed by his contemporary Pompey the Great who blackmailed the dictator Sulla into granting him a triumph for victory in Africa over a rag-tag group of dissident Romans ; a first in Roman history on a couple of counts.

Yet, until 82 BC, no triumph had been granted to any Roman for victory over another Roman general.

Crassus was honored only with an ovation ( less than a triumph ), even though the danger to Rome and the destruction to Roman lives and property merited much more.

Paul is rescued from the mob by a Roman commander () and accused of being a revolutionary, " ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes ", teaching resurrection of the dead, and thus imprisoned in Caesarea ().

Benedict of Nursia () ( c. 480 – 543 ) is a Christian saint, honored by the Roman Catholic Church as the patron saint of Europe and students.

The Council of Trent () was an Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church.

Constans () ( c. 323 – 350 ), was Roman Emperor from 337 to 350.

Constantine II () ( January / February 316 – 340 ), was Roman Emperor from 337 to 340.

Edith of England () ( 910 – 26 January 946 ), also spelt Eadgyth or Ædgyth, was the daughter of Edward the Elder, and the wife of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor.

Francis II () ( 12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835 ) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806, when he dissolved the Holy Roman Empire after the disastrous defeat of the Third Coalition by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz.

The monastic state of the Teutonic Order () and its later German successor states of Prussia however never were part of the Holy Roman Empire.

In the New Testament the term is used for everything from Jesus as the image of the invisible God ( Colossians 1: 15 ) to the image of Caesar on a Roman coin () to the image of the Beast in the Apocalypse ( Revelation 14: 19 ).

The name has several variants: Olysseus (), Oulixeus (), Oulixes () and he was known as in Latin or in Roman mythology.

" () According to the current Roman Catholic Pope, Benedict XVI, " Peace is achieved by consciences that are open to the truth and to love "

The Roman Missal () is the liturgical book that contains the texts and rubrics for the celebration of the Mass in the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church.

The Roman Kingdom () was the period of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a monarchical form of government of the city of Rome and its territories.

Roman Osipovich Jakobson () ( October 10, 1896, Moscow – July 18, 1982, Cambridge, Massachusetts ) was a Russian linguist and literary theorist.

The Pontifical Council for Culture () is a Pontifical Council of the Roman Catholic Church with a mission to oversee the relationship of the Catholic Church with different cultures.

Simon bar Kokhba () ( died A. D. 135 ) was the Jewish leader of what is known as the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire in 132 CE, establishing an independent Jewish state of Israel which he ruled for three years as Nasi (" Ruler ").

Saint Gavinus () is a Roman Catholic saint who is greatly celebrated in Sardinia, Italy, as one of the Martiri turritani (" Martyrs of Turris "), along with his companions Saints Protus and Januarius.

They received their jurisdiction from the Holy Roman Emperor, from whom they also received the capacity to pronounce capital punishment () which they exercised in his name.

Louis the Roman () ( May 7, 1328 – May 17, 1365 ) was the eldest son of Emperor Louis IV the Bavarian by his second wife, Margaret II, Countess of Hainault, and a member of the House of Wittelsbach.

Proserpina () or Proserpine () is an ancient Roman goddess whose story is the basis of a myth of Springtime.

But I suspect that the old Roman was referring to change made under military occupation -- the sort of change which Tacitus was talking about when he said, `` They make a desert, and call it peace '' ( `` Solitudinem faciunt, pacem appellant ''.

We know that the Saxon Shore was a phenonenon of late Roman defensive policy ; ;

On matters of race he was similarly inflexible: `` Most of the modern Latin races seem to have inherited the rigidity of the Roman mind ''.

He was able to discern the body lines of the Roman women under their robes.

About a thousand years after that, when the Roman Empire was divided, it became capital of the Eastern section.

To climax her Roman revels, she was thrown out of the swanky Hotel Excelsior after she had run naked through its marble halls screaming for help.

`` There had been a threesome at the party in the suite's bedroom: Miss Harrington ( this was Diane's choice for a Roman name ), another woman who has figured in other very interesting events and one of your well-known American actors.

As you approach the church on the Via D. Baullari you are passing within yards of the remains of the Roman Theatre of Pompey, near which is believed to have been the place where Julius Caesar was assassinated.

Representing as it did the efforts of only unauthorized individuals of the Roman and Anglican Churches, and urging a communion of prayer unacceptable to Rome, this association produced little fruit, and, in fact, was condemned by the Holy Office in 1864.

for still others, mostly of the nineteenth-century immigration, it was Roman Catholicism, and for a small minority it was Eastern Orthodoxy.

By the end of the century the Roman Catholic Church was beginning to make itself felt, mainly through such institutions as hospitals but also through its attitude towards organized labour.

The nineteenth-century immigration, whether Protestant or Roman Catholic, was not so much concerned, for very few if any among them held slaves: they were mostly in the Northern states where slavery had disappeared or was on the way out, or were too poverty-stricken to own slaves.

Apollo was worshipped throughout the Roman Empire.

The Roman worship of Apollo was adopted from the Greeks.

James Johnson argued that A Modest Proposal was largely influenced and inspired by Tertullian ’ s Apology: a satirical attack against early Roman persecution of Christianity.

Following his death and the organisational deterioration of his empire, Asia Minor was ruled by a series of Hellenistic kingdoms which came under Roman control two hundred years later.

Its intent was to provide the basis for discussions of reunion with the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches, but it had the ancillary effect of establishing parameters of Anglican identity.

Thus the only member churches of the present Anglican Communion existing by the mid-18th century were the Church of England, its closely linked sister church, the Church of Ireland ( which also separated from Roman Catholicism under Henry VIII ) and the Scottish Episcopal Church which for parts of the 17th and 18th centuries was partially underground ( it was suspected of Jacobite sympathies ).

April was the second month of the Roman calendar, before January and February were added by King Numa Pompilius about 700 BC.

Since some of the Roman months were named in honor of divinities, and as April was sacred to the goddess Venus, the Festum Veneris et Fortunae Virilis being held on the first day, it has been suggested that Aprilis was originally her month Aphrilis, from her equivalent Greek goddess name Aphrodite ( Aphros ), or from the Etruscan name Apru.