Anatolia has had many civilizations throughout history, such as the Hattians, Hurrians, Luwians, Hittites, Phrygians, Lydians, Persians, Greeks, Assyrians, Urartians, Cimmerians, Carians, Scythians, Corduene, Armenians, Romans, Georgians, Circassians, Kurds, Seljuk Turks and Ottomans.

Hannibal may have crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants, and the Romans had settlements in the region.

The Romans had a similar belief system about the afterlife, with Hades becoming known as Pluto.

Although Romans who had been adopted into a new family usually retained their old nomen in cognomen form ( e. g. Octavianus for one who had been an Octavius, Aemilianus for one who had been an Aemilius, etc.

The Germanics were in Germany and Scandinavia during earliest mention of them in Roman literature, long before the Romans had even conquered Italy.

According to legend, Castor and Pollux announced to one of their ancestors the victory of the Romans over the Latins at the battle of Lake Regillus, and, to confirm the truth of what they had just said, they stroked his black hair and beard, which immediately became red.

" a gentleman who, perhaps alone of the Romans, had survived the shock of this notable storm.

The declaration is notable since, according to Livy, it was the first time that the Romans had declared war by means of the rites of the fetials.

They sprung the attack when the Romans were most vulnerable-when they had left their fortified camp, and were on the march in a pounding rainstorm.

Saxon raids on the southern and eastern shores of England had been sufficiently alarming by the late 3rd century for the Romans to build the Saxon Shore forts, and subsequently to establish the role of the Count of the Saxon Shore to command the defence against these incursions.

Church, Ministry and Sacraments in the New Testament Paternoster Press: 1993, p. 94f </ ref > He also points out that when Ignatius writes to the Romans, there is no mention of a bishop of the Roman Church, " which we may suppose had not not yet adopted the monarchical episcopate.

Before Caesar's time they had attached themselves to the Romans, and were honoured with the title of brothers and kinsmen of the Roman people.

In February 1705, Queen Anne, who had made Marlborough a Duke in 1702, granted him the Park of Woodstock and promised a sum of £ 240, 000 to build a suitable house as a gift from a grateful crown in recognition of his victory – a victory which British historian Sir Edward Shepherd Creasy considered one of the pivotal battles in history, writing – " Had it not been for Blenheim, all Europe might at this day suffer under the effect of French conquests resembling those of Alexander in extent and those of the Romans in durability.

The Macedonian king had suffered a disastrous defeat at the hands of the Romans in the Second Macedonian War ( 200-197 BC ), which had reduced him from a powerful Hellenistic monarch to the status of a petty client-king with a much-reduced territory and a tiny army.

As expected, the Bastarnae attacked the vanguard in force, only to find themselves entangled in the full-scale pitched battle with the Romans that they had tried to avoid.

According to Tacitus, they drew inspiration from the example of Arminius, the prince of the Cherusci who had driven the Romans out of Germany in AD 9, and their own ancestors who had driven Julius Caesar from Britain.

As the Romans advanced in a wedge formation, the Britons attempted to flee, but were impeded by the presence of their own families, whom they had stationed in a ring of wagons at the edge of the battlefield, and were slaughtered.

For example, he believed ( as most Romans ) that his ancestor Appius Claudius Caecus had used the censorship to introduce the letter " R " and so used his own term to introduce his new letters.

In 87, the Romans invaded Dacia once more, this time under the command of Tettius Julianus, and finally defeated Decebalus in late 88 at the same site where Fuscus had previously perished.

The Demiurge, fearing lest Jesus, whom he had intended as his Messiah, should spread the knowledge of the Supreme God, had him crucified by the Romans.

Abbreviators are those who make an abridgment or abstract of a long writing or discourse by contracting the parts, i. e. the words and sentences ; an abbreviated form of writing common among the Romans.

Although he was aware that the Bastarnae were hardly likely to achieve the same success as Hannibal some 40 years earlier, and would most likely end up cut to pieces by the Romans, Philip hoped that the Romans would be distracted long enough to allow him to reoccupy his former possessions in Greece.

This does not mean that its utility could be underestimated, though, as its strategic role in scouting, skirmishing, and outpost duties was crucial to the Romans ' capability to conduct operations over long distances in hostile or unfamiliar territory.

Although mining had long been practised in Britain ( see Grimes Graves ), the Romans introduced new technical knowledge and large-scale industrial production to revolutionise the industry.

The terms of the treaty were quite modest, but the war had been long for the Romans.

The Romans had already had independent experience with the peoples on the peninsula during the long conflict with Carthage.

Rousseau had no recollection of learning to read, but he remembered how when he was 5 or 6 his father encouraged his love of reading: Not long afterward, Rousseau abandoned his taste for escapist stories in favor of the antiquity of Plutarch's Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans, which he would read to his father while he made watches.

Romans scored other victories with proconsul Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus and Gaius Marius ( elected in 113 BC ), but still the Lusitani resisted with a long guerilla war ; they later joined Sertorius ' ( a renegade Roman General ) troops ( around 80 BC ) and were finally defeated by Augustus ( around 28-24 BC ).

So long as everyone was using the same tactics these weaknesses were not immediately apparent, but with the advent of the Roman legion they proved fatal in every major engagement, the most famous being the Battle of Pydna, as the Romans were able to advance through gaps in the line and easily defeat the phalangites once in close.

The methods had been developed by the Romans in Spain in 25 AD to exploit large alluvial gold deposits, the largest site being at Las Medulas, where seven long aqueducts were built to tap local rivers and to sluice the deposits.

On 31 May 1188 he concluded a treaty with the Romans which removed long standing difficulties, thus returning the Papacy to Rome.

The Po river is first certainly identified in the Graeco-Roman historians and geographers of the late Roman Republic and the early Roman Empire, long after the valley had been occupied successively by prehistoric and historic peoples: Ligures, Etruscans, Celts, Veneti, Umbri, and Romans.

The Romans divided Gaul broadly into Provincia ( the conquered area around the Mediterranean ), and the northern Gallia Comata (" free Gaul " or " long haired Gaul ").

Together with his cavalry commander, the future Emperor Aurelian, the Romans took thousands of prisoners, destroyed the Gothic cavalry as a force and stormed their laager ( a circular alignment of wagons long favored by the Goths ).

The city was not punished by the Romans for its long alliance with Carthage, but owing to the mythical common origin of the Romans and the Elymians ( both descendants of refugees from Troy ) it was granted the state of a " free and immune " city.

The Appian Way was the first long road built specifically to transport troops outside the smaller region of greater Rome ( this was essential to the Romans ).

Over two thousand years ago the Romans had arrived, initially allied with Berber kingdoms ; their cosmopolitan Empire long governed this Africa region as part of an integrated Mediterranean world.

The Romans retreated to the base of the hill where they were unable to maneuver, encumbered by their heavy armor and long shields.

For a long time the Noricans had enjoyed independence under princes of their own and carried on commerce with the Romans.

The Romans, who are meanwhile moving south while the Samnites are occupied with Tarentum, take the opportunity to recover Neapolis and, after a long siege, evict the Samnite garrison from the city and make it an ally of Rome.

In 1275 Alfonso tried to meet with his nominal imperial vicar in Italy, William VII of Montferrat ( who had succeeded Ezzelino ) and his Ghibelline allies in Piedmont and Lombardy to fight against the Guelph Charles I of Anjou ; he was however halted in Provence by the Pope who, after a long negotiation, obtained Alfonso's renunciation of the title of King of the Romans.

The war dragged out into a long and seemingly endless campaign as the Romans tried to defeat Jugurtha decisively.