The defeat and death of Adolf of Nassau at the hands of Albert of Habsburg also worked to the disadvantage of the English, for all the efforts to revive the anti-French coalition came to nothing when Philip made an alliance with the new king of the Romans.

The term allocutio was used by the ancient Romans for the speech made by a commander to his troops, either before a battle or during it, to animate and encourage them.

The ancient Greeks and Romans wore amethyst and made drinking vessels of it in the belief that it would prevent intoxication.

After a victory over the Samnites and Lucanians near Paestum, 332 BC, he made a treaty with the Romans.

In February 1705, Queen Anne, who had made Marlborough a Duke in 1702, granted him the Park of Woodstock and promised a sum of £ 240, 000 to build a suitable house as a gift from a grateful crown in recognition of his victory – a victory which British historian Sir Edward Shepherd Creasy considered one of the pivotal battles in history, writing – " Had it not been for Blenheim, all Europe might at this day suffer under the effect of French conquests resembling those of Alexander in extent and those of the Romans in durability.

Similarly, the Romans knew that adding horse hair made concrete less liable to crack while it hardened and adding blood made it more frost-resistant.

The Romans used precursors made of reusable wax-covered tablets of wood for taking notes and other informal writings.

The word " cement " traces to the Romans, who used the term opus caementicium to describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder.

It was, in fact, nothing like any material used by the Romans, but was a " Natural cement " made by burning septaria – nodules that are found in certain clay deposits, and that contain both clay minerals and calcium carbonate.

To these the Romans added the Tuscan, which they made simpler than Doric, and the Composite, which was more ornamental than the Corinthian.

After a brief siege, with no Carthaginian help in sight, Syracuse made peace with the Romans.

The Romans, however, made great progress in the north.

But this arrangement soon gave way before the ambition of one of these tetrarchs, Deiotarus, the contemporary of Cicero and Julius Caesar, who made himself master of the other two tetrarchies and was finally recognized by the Romans as ' king ' of Galatia.

" Marlow continues describing the trials and tribulations that must have been encountered by the first Romans who made their way to England ; how mysterious and incomprehensible the place must have seemed to them.

What is now France made up the bulk of the region known to the Romans as Gaul.

As the Romans moved off towards the woods, Hannibal's army occupied the pass, and his army made their way through the pass unopposed.

Food writer Alan Davidson suggests that the people of Ancient Romans were the first known to have made products of the haggis type.

His sandals, called pédila by the Greeks and talaria by the Romans were made of palm and myrtle branches, but were described as beautiful, golden and immortal, made a sublime art, able to take the roads with the speed of wind.

The Romans resolved to send a consul to Spain and, in order to accelerate the dispatch of aid, " they even made the new consuls enter on office two months and a half before the legal time " ( 15th of March ).

Rousseau had no recollection of learning to read, but he remembered how when he was 5 or 6 his father encouraged his love of reading: Not long afterward, Rousseau abandoned his taste for escapist stories in favor of the antiquity of Plutarch's Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans, which he would read to his father while he made watches.

Marobod had made peace with the Romans, and that is why the Lombards were not part of the Germanic confederacy under Arminius at the Battle of Teutoburg Forest in AD 9.

The term may also be used for information that is hand-recorded in other ways than writing, for example inscriptions that are chiselled upon a hard material or scratched ( the original meaning of graffiti ) as with a knife point in plaster or with a stylus on a waxed tablet ( the way Romans made notes ), or are in cuneiform writing, impressed with a pointed stylus in a flat tablet of unbaked clay.

During the struggle of the Aetolians against Rome, it stood a stubborn siege, including the first known use of poison gas against the Romans ' siege tunnels.

More significant still is the change in the use of sacrificial language: for Paul the Eucharist is a receiving of gifts from God, the Christian sacrifice is the offering of our bodies ( Romans 12 ).< Barrett, C. K.

In fact, modern historians use AUC much more frequently than the Romans themselves did.

They also use the biblical verse of Romans 10: 9 " That if you confess with your mouth, ' Jesus is Lord ', and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved.

The Egyptians, Persians and other civilizations mostly used columns for the practical purpose of holding up the roof inside a building, preferring outside walls to be decorated with reliefs or painting, but the Ancient Greeks, followed by the Romans, loved to use them on the outside as well, and the extensive use of columns on the interior and exterior of buildings is one of the most characteristic features of classical architecture, in buildings like the Parthenon.

The Romans started to use catapults as arms for their wars against Syracuse, Macedon, Sparta and Aetolia ( 3rd – 2nd century BC ).

The use of universal regulation by the Romans marks the emergence of a European concept of universalism and internationalism.

The Romans Road refers to a set of scriptures from Romans that Christian evangelists use to present a clear and simple case for personal salvation for each person.

In order to compensate for the lack of experience, and to make use of standard land military tactics on sea, the Romans equipped their new ships with a special boarding device, the corvus.

In 84 the Caledonian tribes, led by Calgacus ( known as " the swordsman "), were defeated at the Battle of Mons Graupius by the Romans ' superior tactics and use of professional troops.

Later the staff had two intertwined snakes and sometimes it was crowned with a pair of wings and a ball, but the old form remained in use even when Hermes was associated with Mercury by the Romans.

As they became politically interested in the former territories of Carthage, the Romans came to use Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior for ' near ' and ' far Spain '.

Strabo says that the Romans use Hispania and Iberia synonymously, and distance them as near and far.

However, it is the Romans who developed large scale mining methods, especially the use of large volumes of water brought to the minehead by numerous aqueducts.

The Romans made extensive use of nails.

Romans wrote on wax-coated tablets that could be smoothed and reused, and a passing use of the term " palimpsest " by Cicero seems to refer to this practice.

The etymology of " Britain " is so convincing that many authors use the P-form, going so far as to quote the Greek or Latin with P -, even though it is predominantly B -; they attribute the B-to replacement by the Romans in the time of Julius Caesar.

Plautus ’ use of colloquial dialogue aids in understanding, to a certain extent, how the Romans greeted each other.

The English word commonwealth is a calque ( literal translation ) of res publica, and its use in English is closer to how the Romans used the term res publica.

Most also used concrete, which the Romans were the first to use for bridges.

* Romans learn the use of soap from the Gauls.

The Romans also made widespread use of small statues of Mercury, probably drawing from the ancient Greek tradition of hermae markers.