* 1645 – Thirty Years ' War: the Second Battle of Nördlingen sees French forces defeating those of the Holy Roman Empire.

* 1799 – The entire Dutch fleet is captured by British forces under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby and Admiral Sir Charles Mitchell during the Second Coalition of the French Revolutionary Wars.

Abdülaziz cultivated good relations with the Second French Empire and the British.

Between the years 1852 and 1870 there was a Second French Empire, again a member of the Bonaparte dynasty would rule ; Napoleon III of France the son of Louis Bonaparte.

The French Army maintained substantial cavalry forces in Algeria and Morocco from 1830 until the Second World War.

The pith helmet ( in this case, of the Second French Empire ) is an icon of colonialism in tropical lands

* 1799 – War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Wiesloch, Austrian Lieutenant Field Marshal Sztáray de Nagy-Mihaly defeats the French at Wiesloch.

* 1800 – War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French General Moreau defeats the Austrian Archduke John near Munich decisively, coupled with First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte's victory at Marengo effectively forcing the Austrians to sign an armistice and ending the war.

* 1851 – French President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte overthrows the Second Republic.

* 1793 – Second Battle of Wissembourg: French defeat Austrians.

Napoleon I's nephew, Napoleon III, resurrected the title of emperor on 2 December 1852, after establishing the Second French Empire in a presidential coup, subsequently approved by a plebiscite.

Three wars led to military successes and helped to convince German people to do this: the Second war of Schleswig against Denmark in 1864, the Austro-Prussian War against Austria in 1866, and the Franco-Prussian War against the Second French Empire in 1870 – 71.

In 1863, the invading French, under Napoleon III ( see above ), in alliance with Mexican conservatives and nobility, helped create the Second Mexican Empire, and invited Archduke Maximilian, of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, younger brother of the Austrian Emperor Franz Josef I, to become emperor Maximilian I of Mexico.

Animated map showing growth and decline of the French colonial empire | First and Second French colonial Empire

The rest of the 19th century witnessed the growth of the Second French colonial empire as well as French interventions in Belgium, Spain, and Mexico.

Social, political, and economic upheaval in the wake of the conflict led to the Second World War, in which the Allies were defeated in the Battle of France and the French government surrendered and was replaced with an authoritarian regime.

* 1848 – The French Revolution of 1848, which would lead to the establishment of the French Second Republic, begins.

The Foreign Legion has remained an important part of the French Army, surviving three Republics, the Second French Empire, two World Wars, the rise and fall of mass conscript armies, the dismantling of the French colonial empire, and the loss of the Foreign Legion's base, Algeria.

* 1815 – The Second Serbian Uprising – a second phase of the national revolution of the Serbs against the Ottoman Empire, erupts shortly after the annexation of the country to the Ottoman Empire.

The Delian League, founded about 477 BC, was an association of Greek city-states, members numbering between 150 to 173, under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory in the Battle of Plataea at the end of the Second Persian invasion of Greece.

The Second Athenian Empire, a maritime self-defense league, was founded in 377 BC and was led by Athens ; but Athens would never recover the full extent of her power, and her enemies were now far stronger and more varied.

It was a language of rich literary activity and the official administration language of the Second Bulgarian Empire.

Also encouraged by the British victory were the Austrian Empire and the Russian Empire, both of whom were mustering armies as part of a Second Coalition, which declared war on France in 1799.

When the revolt broke out, it was supported by intellectuals, the army, and almost all the ethnic minorities of the Empire, and forced Sultan Abdul Hamid II to re-adopt the long defunct Ottoman constitution of 1877, ushering in the Second Constitutional Era.

The Second Balkan War broke out on 29 ( 16 ) June 1913 when Bulgaria attacked its erstwhile allies in the First Balkan War, Serbia and Greece, while Montenegro, Romania and the Ottoman Empire intervened later against Bulgaria.

Among these actions were the Seven Years ' War, the American Revolutionary War, the Napoleonic Wars, the First and Second Opium Wars, the Boxer Rebellion, the New Zealand land wars, the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the First and Second Boer Wars, the Fenian raids, the Irish War of Independence, its serial interventions into Afghanistan ( which were meant to maintain a friendly buffer state between British India and the Russian Empire ), and the Crimean War ( to keep the Russian Empire at a safe distance by coming to Turkey's aid ).

One can find technologically advanced designs such as folding knives rusted among the artifacts of many Second Iberian Iron Age cremation burials or in Roman Empire excavations all around Spain and the Mediterranean.

In the history of Christianity, the First seven Ecumenical Councils, from the First Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) to the Second Council of Nicaea ( 787 ), represent an attempt to reach an orthodox consensus and to unify Christendom under the State church of the Roman Empire.

During his reign, he also set about creating the Second Mexican Empire ( headed by his choice of Maximilian I of Mexico, a member of the House of Habsburg ), to regain France's hold in the Americas and to achieve greatness for the ' Latin ' race.

The major addition was the Western Military Command ( Comando Militar do Oeste-CMO ), whose territory encompasses the states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul ( previously under the Second Army territory ), and Rondônia ( previously under the CMA ).

He saw action in the First World War, where he was seriously wounded, and during the Second World War he commanded the Eighth Army from August 1942 in the Western Desert until the final Allied victory in Tunisia.

Contentious issues include Egypt's signing of the Camp David Accords with Israel in 1979, its support for Iraq in Iran's eight-year conflict, the Islamic Republic's hailing of Khalid Islambouli, the late President Anwar Sadat's assassin as a religious hero, seeing as there was both a street and mural named after him ( however, the honorer was changed to Muhammad al-Durrah, the 12-year-old Palestinian boy shot and killed during the outset of the Second Intifada ), and close Egyptian relations with the United States, and most of the Western European countries.

The First Council of Constantinople is recognized as the Second Ecumenical Council by the Oriental Orthodox, the Church of the East, the Eastern Orthodox, the Roman Catholics, the Old Catholics, the Anglican Church, and a number of other Western Christian groups.

The First Battle of El Alamein ( 1 – 27 July 1942 ) was a battle of the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War, fought between Axis forces ( Germany and Italy ) of the Panzer Army Africa ( Panzerarmee Afrika ) commanded by Field Marshal ( Generalfeldmarschall ) Erwin Rommel, and Allied ( specifically, British Imperial ) forces ( Britain, British India, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand ) of the British Eighth Army commanded by General Claude Auchinleck.

Since the end of the Second World War, the infantry has become a very small part of the Western world's armies.

The Western Wall in Jerusalem is a remnant of the wall encircling the Second Temple.

During the 1990s, Charles Taylor's presidency and the First and Second Liberian Civil Wars underscored Liberian relations with the Western world, the People's Republic of China, and its neighboring countries in Western Africa.

The Roman Curia can be loosely compared to cabinets in governments of countries with a Western form of governance, but only the Second Section of the Secretariat of State, known also as the Section for Relations with States, the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State and the Congregation for Catholic Education, can be directly compared with specific ministries of a civil government.

Thus, the Fifth Division was at Al-Ubayyid in Kurdufan ( Central Command ), the Second Division was at Khashm El Girba ( Eastern Command ), the Sixth Division was assigned to Al-Fashir in Darfur ( Western Command ), the First Division was at Juba ( Southern Command ), and the Seventh Division was at As Shajarah just south of Khartoum ( Khartoum Command ).

* They say that sedevacantists indulge in the logical fallacy of post hoc ergo propter hoc when they attribute problems that the Church has experienced in the Western world since the reforms of the Second Vatican Council to the reforms themselves rather than to the general decrease in religiosity in the West.

During and after the Second World War there were scattered European uses of Western settings, mostly for comedy or even musical comedy.

After the Second World War, many Venetians emigrated to Western European countries.

After the Second World War, no armed conflict emerged among major Western nations themselves, and no nuclear weapons were used in open conflict.

In Bermuda, which sent the first colonial volunteer unit to the Western Front in 1915, and which had more people per capita in uniform during the Second World War than any other part of the Empire, Remembrance Day is still an important holiday.

Jonathon Osmond, writing in the Journal of the Royal Institute of International Affairs, said: " Bacque ... has published a corrective to the impression that the Western allies after the Second World War behaved in a civilised manner to the conquered Germans ...

Due to religious restrictions on entering the most sacred areas of the Temple Mount ( see following section ), the Western Wall, a retaining wall for the Temple Mount and remnant of the Second Temple structure, is considered by some rabbinical authorities the holiest accessible site for Jews to pray.

In 1979, a Jamaican, Maria Ziadie-Haddad, became one of the first women in the Western Hemisphere to become a commercial jet airline pilot when she was hired by Air Jamaica 1968 Ltd as a B727 Second Officer.

Bevan called for the nationalisation of the coal industry and advocated the opening of a Second Front in Western Europe in order to help the Soviet Union in its fight with Germany.

The period between the construction of the Second Temple in 515 BCE and its destruction by the Romans in 70 CE witnessed major historical upheavals and significant religious changes that would affect most subsequent Western ( or Abrahamic ) religions.

During The First Session of the Second Territorial General Assembly, held in Chillicothe from November 23, 1801 to January 23, 1802, the General Assembly passed an act establishing the " American Western University " at Athens.

Under the rubric ' orderly population transfers ' the victors of the Second World War drove 15 million Germans out of their ancient homes in an ethnic cleansing far worse than what is happening today in the Middle East or Bosnia Hercegovina ... Western historians have long averted their eyes from the stupendous crime authoritatively described by Alfred-Maurice de Zayas in this grim, essential book.

* The Western Wall of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem during the time of the Second Temple