The ecclesiastical Abbreviators were officials of the Holy See, among the principal officials of the Apostolic Chancery, which is one of the oldest and most important offices in the Roman Curia.

About the thirteenth or fourteenth century, the popes, then residing at Avignon in France, began to reserve the collation of a great many benefices, so that all the benefices, especially the greater ones, were to be conferred through the Roman Curia ( Lega, Praelectiones Jur.

These abbreviated volumes soon became very popular and eventually supplanted the Roman Catholic Church's Curia office, previously said by non-monastic clergy.

When sufficient information has been gathered, the investigation of the candidate, who is called " Servant of God ", is presented by the local bishop to the Roman Curia — in particular, the Congregation for the Causes of the Saints — where it is assigned a postulator, whose task is to gather further information about the life of the Servant of God.

Most cardinals have additional duties, such as leading a diocese or archdiocese or running a department of the Roman Curia.

While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia, every cardinal priest has titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops are given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome.

Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday.

The pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to another tribunal, usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the Roman Curia.

He had to deal with the constant cut-back of his autonomy by the Knights and asked the Roman Curia for mediation.

With the advice of our brethren and of the entire Curia, as well as with the will and consent of the prefect, we decree the abolition of that evil custom which has hitherto prevailed among the porticani, namely, of disposing, contrary to the wish of the one deceased, of the property of porticani dying without heirs ; with this understanding, however, that in future the porticani remain faithful to the Roman Church, to us and to our successors.

It also distinguishes between the employees of the Holy See ( 2, 750 working in the Roman Curia with another 333 working in the Holy See's diplomatic missions abroad ) and the 1, 909 employees of the state.

The Pope governs the Catholic Church through the Roman Curia.

The Roman Curia consists of a complex of offices that administer church affairs at the highest level, including the Secretariat of State, nine Congregations, three Tribunals, eleven Pontifical Councils, and seven Pontifical Commissions.

During this interregnum, the heads of the dicasteries of the Roman Curia ( such as the prefects of congregations ) cease immediately to hold office, the only exceptions being the Major Penitentiary, who continues his important role regarding absolutions and dispensations, and the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, who administers the temporalities ( i. e., properties and finances ) of the See of St. Peter during this period.

In 2001, his book Toward a Christian Theology of Religious Pluralism led to Dupuis being investigated by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, a department of the Roman Curia, which noted ambiguities regarding agreement between what he called a " Christian theology of religious pluralism " and the teaching of the Second Vatican Council and the popes of the council and later.

* 1958 – Samuel Alphonsus Stritch is appointed Pro-Prefect of the Propagation of Faith and thus becomes the first American member of the Roman Curia.

Baldouin became the popes's delegate in Courland and bishop of Semigallia ; however, the Germans complained about him to the Roman Curia, and in 1234 Pope Gregory IX removed Baldouin as his delegate.

After several unsuccessful campaigns against the pagan Semigallian duke Viestards and his Samogitian kinsfolk, the Roman Curia decided in 1251 to abolish the Bishopric of Semigallia, and divided its territories between the Bishopric of Rīga and the Order of Livonia.

It is the Holy See that conducts international relations ; for hundreds of years, the papal court ( the Roman Curia ) has functioned as the government of the Catholic Church.

The names " Holy See " and " Apostolic See " are ecclesiastical terminology for the ordinary jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome ( including the Roman Curia ); the pope's various honors, powers, and privileges within the Catholic Church and the international community derive from his Episcopate of Rome in lineal succession from the Apostle Saint Peter ( see Apostolic Succession ).

Pius XII slowly eroded the Italian monopoly on the Roman Curia ; he employed German and Dutch Jesuit advisors, Robert Leiber, Augustin Bea, and Sebastian Tromp.

At the Diet of Nuremberg, which opened in December 1522, he was represented by Francesco Chiericati, whose private instructions contain the frank admission that the disorder of the Church was perhaps the fault of the Roman Curia itself, and that it should be reformed.

Pressures building within the Curia, together with ongoing conflicts among the Roman nobility, would erupt after the death of Callixtus II in 1124.

The Basilica Aemilia in the Roman Forum did burn down, which perhaps can be attributed to Alaric: the archaeological evidence was provided by coins dating from 410 found melted in the floor.

Cardinal Murphy-O ' Connor, the leader of the Roman Catholic Church in England, pointed out that Prince William ( later the Duke of Cambridge ) " can marry by law a Hindu, a Buddhist, anyone, but not a Roman Catholic ".

Some scholars believe that the apologetic view of Luke ’ s work is overemphasized and that it should not be regarded as a “ major aim of the Lucan writings .” While Munck believes that purpose of Luke ’ s work is not that clear-cut and sympathizes with other claims, he believes that Luke ’ s work can function as an apology only in the sense that it “ presents a defense of Christianity and Paul ” and may serve to “ clarify the position of Christianity within Jewry and within the Roman Empire .” Pervo disagrees that Luke ’ s work is an apology and even that it could possibly be addressed to Rome because he believes that “ Luke and Acts speak to insiders, believers in Jesus .” Freedman believes that Luke is writing an apology but that his goal is “ not to defend the Christian movement as such but to defend God ’ s ways in history .”

Roman Catholic doctrine holds that one bishop can validly ordain another male ( priest ) as a bishop.

The Bank's original home was in Walbrook in the City of London, where during the building's reconstruction in 1954 archaeologists found the remains of a Roman temple of Mithras ( Mithras was – rather fittingly – worshipped as being the God of Contracts ); the Mithraeum ruins are perhaps the most famous of all twentieth-century Roman discoveries in the City of London and can now be viewed by the public.

The use of bricks in southern and western Germany, for example, can be traced back to traditions already described by the Roman architect Vitruvius.

Paul of Tarsus, like Jews and Roman pagans of his time, believed that sacrifice can bring about new kinship ties, purity, and eternal life.

The impact Roman law had decreased sharply after the age of Bracton, but the Roman divisions of actions into in rem ( typically, actions against a thing or property for the purpose of gaining title to that property ; must be filed in a court where the property is located ) and in personam ( typically, actions directed against a person ; these can affect a person's rights and, since a person often owns things, his property too ) used by Bracton had a lasting effect and laid the groundwork for a return of Roman law structural concepts in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Signs of this can be found in Blackstone ’ s Commentaries on the Laws of England, and Roman law ideas regained importance with the revival of academic law schools in the 19th century.

Many of the Scots who immigrated there were either Roman Catholics or Presbyterians, which can be seen in a number of island landmarks and place names.

Mixtures of ground pozzolan and lime are the cements used by the Romans, and can be found in Roman structures still standing ( e. g. the Pantheon in Rome ).

* Ancient Roman originals can be seen on the pages of the Roman Military Equipment Web museum, Romancoins. info

Vows of chastity can also be taken by laypersons, either as part of an organised religious life ( such as Roman Catholic Beguines and Beghards ) or on an individual basis: as a voluntary act of devotion, or as part of an ascetic lifestyle ( often devoted to contemplation ), or both.

This can be extended to Roman numerals.

The word in English can mean either " including a wide variety of things ; all-embracing " or " of the Roman Catholic faith " as " relating to the historic doctrine and practice of the Western Church.

Decimal notation often refers to a base-10 positional notation such as the Hindu-Arabic numeral system ; however, it can also be used more generally to refer to non-positional systems such as Roman or Chinese numerals which are also based on powers of ten.

One can find technologically advanced designs such as folding knives rusted among the artifacts of many Second Iberian Iron Age cremation burials or in Roman Empire excavations all around Spain and the Mediterranean.

Moreover, numerous fragments and testimonies are found throughout ancient Greek and Roman literature, a collection of which can be found in Usener's Epicurea.

* Add Ruby automatically for Japanese Web site — Multi-language phonetic reading site that can add phonetic reading to any site or texts in five different alphabets, hiragana, katakana, Roman, hangul, Devanagari, and Cyrillic letters for Japanese.

Some dishes can be traced back to ancient Greece: lentil soup, fasolada, retsina ( white or rosé wine flavored with pine resin ) and pasteli ( candy bar with sesame seeds baked with honey ); some to the Hellenistic and Roman periods: loukaniko ( dried pork sausage ); and Byzantium: feta cheese, avgotaraho ( cured fish roe ) and paximadi ( traditional hard bread baked from corn, barley and rye ).