Pre-ecumenical councils ( also known as synods ) include the Council of Jerusalem ( c. 50 ), the Council of Rome ( 155 AD ), the Second Council of Rome ( 193 AD ), the Council of Ephesus ( 193 AD ), the Council of Carthage ( 251 AD ), the Council of Iconium ( 258 AD ), the Council of Antioch ( 264 AD ), the Councils of Arabia ( 246 – 247 AD ), the Council of Elvira ( 306 AD ), the Council of Carthage ( 311 AD ), the Synod of Neo-Caesarea ( c. 314 AD ), the Council of Ancyra ( 314 AD ) and the Council of Arles ( 314 AD ).

The Synod of Bishops was formed during the Second Vatican Council, introduced by the decree Christus Dominus.

For that reason the 1618 meeting is sometimes called the Second Synod of Dort.

It was his speech at the 1985 Synod of Bishops marking the 20th anniversary of the end of the Second Vatican Council, that led to development of the Catechism of the Catholic Church in which Law oversaw the first draft of the English translation.

Apart from earlier dogmatic declarations given in the Second Synod of Orange of 529 and in the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215 ( see Denzinger, 191, 430 ), the Council of Trent upheld the traditional doctrine of merit by insisting that life everlasting is both a grace and a reward ( Sess.

The decision to publish a catechism was taken at the Extraordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops that was convened by Pope John Paul II on 25 January 1985 for the 20th anniversary of the close of the Second Vatican Council, and in 1986, the pope put a commission composed of 12 bishops and cardinals in charge of the project.

The Second decree of Synod of Diamper organised by Portuguese Archbishop of Goa, Aleixo de Menezes, allowed Untouchability to be practised by Christians of Kerala.

In 529 the Second Synod of Vasio in Gaul ( modern ( Vaison ) said in its fifth canon that the second part of the doxology, with the words Sicut erat in principio, was used in Rome, the East, and Africa, and ordered it to be said likewise in Gaul.

This synodical meeting is not to be confused with the better known Second Synod of Dort of 1618, during which Arminians were expelled from the Church and the Canons of Dort were added to the Confessions.

During the occupation of Japan by the Allied forces after the Second World War, several US Army chaplains affiliated with the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod ( LCMS ) were serving the local population.

He is also a historical novelist, and serves as Second Vice President of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod.

The Catholic Church chronicler Rocco Palmo called Turkson the lone Scripture scholar in the Pope's " Senate " and believes that his status as a potential " papabile " has been elevated due to his appointment as spokesman for Second Synod for Africa in 2009.

* The three Church Estates Commissioners, who represent the Church Commissioners in General Synod – the Second Commissioner is a Member of Parliament and answers to Parliament for the business of the Commissioners

Australia recovered the Ashes in 1934 and held them until 1953, although no international cricket was possible during the Second World War.

Albert was chosen as his successor early in 1511 in the hope that his relationship to his maternal uncle, Sigismund I the Old, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, would facilitate a settlement of the disputes over eastern Prussia, which had been held by the Order under Polish suzerainty since the Second Peace of Thorn ( 1466 ).

Because of the Balkan Wars, the Second International held an extraordinary congress at Basel in 1912.

From the ashes of the Second World War, seventeen Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Conferences were held between 1944 and 1969.

The problem set was launched as a talk " The Problems of Mathematics " presented during the course of the Second International Congress of Mathematicians held in Paris.

The Roman Catholic Church recognizes as ecumenical various councils held later than the First Council of Ephesus ( after which churches out of communion with the Holy See because of the Nestorian Schism did not participate ), later than the Council of Chalcedon ( after which there was no participation by churches that rejected Dyophysitism ), later than the Second Council of Nicaea ( after which there was no participation by the Eastern Orthodox Church ), and later than the Fifth Council of the Lateran ( after which groups that adhered to Protestantism did not participate ).

The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War.

As of July 2012, " Hezbollah is ... reported to have up to 50, 000 missiles — more than three times the 13, 000 it reportedly held when it began launching rockets at Israel six years ago, leading to the Second Lebanon War.

At the Second International Interlanguage Congress, held in Geneva in 1931, IALA began to break new ground ; 27 recognized linguists signed a testimonial of support for IALA's research program.

After the war, the League of Nations held the East Prussian plebiscite on 11 July 1920 to determine if the people of the southern districts of East Prussia wanted to remain within East Prussia or to join the Second Polish Republic. The German side terrorized the local population before the plebiscite using violence, Polish organisations and activists were harassed by German militias, and those actions included attacks and murder of Polish activists ; Masurs who supported voting for Poland were singled out and subjected to terror and repressions

* 1899 – The Boers begin their 118 day siege of British held Ladysmith during the Second Boer War.

It is traditionally believed that the Second Ecumenical Council held in Constantinople in 381 added the section that follows the words " We believe in the Holy Spirit " ( without the words " and the Son " relative to the procession of the Holy Spirit, which would become a point of contention in the Great Schism of Orthodoxy from Catholicism ); hence the name " Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed ", referring to the Creed as modified in the First Council of Constantinople.

Church Fathers Tertullian and Jerome held to traducianism and creationism, respectively, and pre-existence was condemned as heresy in the Second Council of Constantinople in AD 553.

In recognition of his work he was awarded the Order of the Cross of Liberty, Second Class, and throughout his life he held this honour in especial esteem.

Whereas this belief was only one of many beliefs held about the World to Come in Second Temple Judaism, and was notably rejected by the Sadducees, this belief became dominant within Early Christianity and soon included an insistence on the resurrection of the flesh, against gnostic teachings that flesh was evil.

Around 2, 000 demonstrations were held during the eight months of the Second Republic.

After Seoul fell easily, Japanese commanders held a war council in June in Seoul and determined targets of subjugation called Hachidokuniwari ( literally, dividing the country into eight routes ) by each corps ( the First Division of Konishi Yukinaga and others from Pyeongan Province, the Second Division of Kato Kiyomasa and others from Hangyong Province, the Third Division of Kuroda Nagamasa and others from Hwanghae Province, the Forth Division of Mōri Yoshinari and others from Gangwon Province ; the Fifth Division of Fukushima Masanori and others from Chungcheong Province ; the Sixth Division by Kobayakawa Takakage and others from Jeolla Province, the Seventh Division by Mōri Terumoto and others from Gyeongsang Province, and the Eighth Division of Ukita Hideie and others from Gyeonggi Province ).

The Supreme Court has held that the amendment's Due Process Clause incorporates all of the substantive protections of the First, Second, Fourth, Fifth ( except for its Grand Jury Clause ) and Sixth Amendments and the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause of the Eighth Amendment.

According to author Anne Henderson of the Sydney Institute, Lyons held a steadfast belief in " the need to balance budgets, lower costs to business and restore confidence " and the Lyons period gave Australia " stability and eventual growth " between the drama of the Depression and the outbreak of the Second World War.

) – Second Congress of the All-Russian Social Democratic Labour Party held in exile in Brussels, transferring to London.

* June 15 – The Second Hague Peace Conference is held.

* The Second Council of Tours is held.

* 1274 – May 7 – The Second Council of Lyons, held by the leadership of the Roman Catholic Church convenes to consider the conquest of the Holy Land via Crusades and address the East-West Schism with the Byzantine church.

The Second World Summit on the Knowledge Society, held in Chania, Crete, in September 2009, gave special attention to the following topics:

After the Second Vatican Council, CELAM held two conferences which were important in determining the future of liberation theology: the first was held in Medellín, Colombia, in 1968, and the second in Puebla, Mexico, in January 1979.

Melanchthon and those that agreed with him, called Philippists were checked by the Gnesio-Lutherans in the Second Antinomian Controversy during the Augsburg Interim.

This was the beginning of the Second Margrave War, which only ended with the Peace of Augsburg of 1555.

Armoured trains saw use during the 19th century in the American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ), the Franco-Prussian War ( 1870 – 1871 ), the First and Second Boer Wars ( 1880 – 81 and 1899 – 1902 ), the First ( 1914 – 1918 ) and Second World Wars ( 1939 – 1945 ) and the First Indochina War ( 1946 – 1954 ).

The Rise and Fall of the Second Empire, 1852 – 1871 ( The Cambridge History of Modern France ) ( 1988 ) excerpt and text search

During the 19th century, after Schleswig-Holstein had come under the government of Prussia ( from 1871 the German Empire ) following the Second Schleswig War in 1864, a combination of naval interests — the German navy wanted to link its bases in the Baltic and the North Sea without the need to sail around Denmark — and commercial pressure encouraged the development of a new canal.

The unified Germany which arose under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in 1871 was the first entity that was officially called in German, also the Second Reich () succeeding the HRR.

The Second French Republic was created in 1848, and the Third French Republic in 1871.

* 1871: Second New York City Orange Riot

Following the downfall of the French Second Empire the Four Quarters was again allowed a parliamentary seat which was granted by law on 1 February 1871.

* Yves-Jean Saint-Martin, La formation territoriale de la colonie du Sénégal sous le Second Empire 1850 – 1871, Nantes, Université de Nantes, 1980, 2 vol.

Germany unified in 1871 and began its Second Reich.

* Franco-Prussian War ( 1870 – 1871 ) resulted in the collapse of the Second French Empire and in the formation of both the French Third Republic and the German Empire.

The earliest enclosed wind tunnels were invented in 1871 ; large wind tunnels were built during the Second World War.

The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870 ( 19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871 ), was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia.

In 1871, construction began on the Second Empire-style Philadelphia City Hall.

This work achieved during the Second Empire is one of the causes of the quick repression of the 1871 Paris Commune: since the 1848 revolution, Adolphe Thiers had become obsessed with crushing out the next foreseeable Parisian rebellion.

From the Gramsci analysis derived the political science denotation of hegemony as leadership ; thus, the historical example of Prussia as the militarily and culturally predominant province of the German Empire ( Second Reich 1871 – 1918 ); and the personal and intellectual predominance of Napoleon Bonaparte upon the French Consulate ( 1799 – 1804 ).

Under the Second Empire ( 1852 – 1871 ), the Code de l ' indigénat ( Indigenous Code ) was implemented by the Sénatus consulte of July 14, 1865.

In 1871 there were 380 children between the ages of five and twenty and the school was divided into the following departments: High School, Grammar School, Intermediate, Second Primary and First Primary.

Due to this major victory, which also made the " Second Reich " of Germany possible, 2 September was declared " Sedan Day " ( Sedantag ) and a national German holiday in 1871.

Under the Second Empire, he helped found a Liberal journal, Le Progrès de la Somme, and in July 1871 he was sent by the département of the Somme to the National Assembly, where he took his place on the extreme left.

The Exploration of the Colorado River in 1869 and 1871 – 1872: Biographical Sketches and Original Documents of the First Powell Expedition of 1869 and the Second Powell Expedition of 1871 – 1872.

*" A Canyon Voyage, The Narrative of the Second Powell Expedition down the Green-Colorado River from Wyoming, and the Explorations on Land, in the Years 1871 and 1872 " ( 1908 ) by Frederick Samuel Dellenbaugh at Project Gutenberg.

James Clerk Maxwell, in an 1871 essay titled the " Theory of Heat ," proposed a thought experiment showing why the Second Law might just be a temporary condition, why entropy might be beatable.