The New Perspective scholars propose that the 1st century, Second Temple Judaism understood election primarily as national ( Israelites ) and racial ( Jews ), not as individual.

* 70 – The destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans.

: The publisher of this book states, " The standard Jewish view is that prophecy ended with the ancient prophets, somewhere early in the Second Temple era.

The Book of Ezra consists of ten chapters: chapters 1-6, covering the period from the Decree of Cyrus to the dedication of the Second Temple, are told in the third person ; chapters 7-10, dealing with the mission of Ezra, are told largely in the first person.

* Grabbe, L. L., " A history of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period, Volume 1 " ( T & T Clark, 2004 )

At the time of Jesus, there was no single, coherent form or order within Second Temple Judaism, and significant political, social and religious differences existed among the Jews.

An astronomical calendar is based on ongoing observation ; examples are the religious Islamic calendar and the old religious Jewish calendar in the time of the Second Temple.

However, following the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 70 AD, the new Christian movement and Rabbinic Judaism increasingly parted ways, see also List of events in early Christianity.

Hanukkah (, Tiberian:, usually spelled, pronounced in Modern Hebrew ; also romanized as Chanukah, Chanukkah, Chanuka, or Khanukah ), also known as the Festival of Lights, is an eight-day Jewish holiday commemorating the rededication of the Holy Temple ( the Second Temple ) in Jerusalem at the time of the Maccabean Revolt of the 2nd century BCE.

Christianity and Judaism share historical roots in the Second Temple period, sometimes referred to as Judeo-Christian roots, but the two religions diverged in the first centuries of the Christian Era.

The Oral Torah is the primary guide for Jews to abide by these terms, as expressed in tractate Gittin 60b, " the Holy One, Blessed be He, did not make His covenant with Israel except by virtue of the Oral Law " to help them learn how to live a holy life, and to bring holiness, peace and love into the world and into every part of life, so that life may be elevated to a high level of kedushah, originally through study and practice of the Torah, and since the destruction of the Second Temple, through prayer as expressed in tractate Sotah 49a " Since the destruction of the Temple, every day is more cursed than the preceding one ; and the existence of the world is assured only by the kedusha ... and the words spoken after the study of Torah.

According to Christian theologian Alister McGrath, the Jewish Christians affirmed every aspect of then contemporary Second Temple Judaism with the addition of the belief that Jesus was the messiah, with Isaiah 49: 6, " an explicit parallel to 42: 6 " quoted by Paul in Acts 13: 47 and reinterpreted by Justin the Martyr.

A stronger belief in an afterlife for each person developed during the Second Temple period but was contested by various Jewish sects.

Christians believe that Judaism requires blood sacrifice to atone for sins, and believe that Judaism has abandoned this since the destruction of the Second Temple.

* Los Angeles, California ( 1885 – 1889 ) Second Street Cable Railway, ( 1886-1902 ) Temple Street Cable Railway, ( 1889-1896 ) Los Angeles Cable Railway

That so much of the book ( chapters 25-31, 35-40 ) is spent describing the plans of the Tabernacle demonstrates the importance it played in the perception of Second Temple Judaism at the time of the text's redaction by the Priestly writers: the Tabernacle is the place where God is physically present, where, through the priesthood, Israel could be in direct, literal communion with him.

New Testament and Second Temple Judaism scholar Eric Mason argues that the conceptual background of the priestly Christology of the Epistle to the Hebrews closely parallels presentations of the messianic priest and Melchizedek in the Qumran scrolls.

The Essenes ( in Modern but not in Ancient Hebrew:, Isiyim ; Greek: Εσσήνοι, Εσσαίοι, or Οσσαίοι ; Essēnoi, Essaioi, Ossaioi ) were a sect of Second Temple Judaism that flourished from the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century CE which some scholars claim seceded from the Zadokite priests.

* In Judaism, King Hezekiah purged Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem and the Land of Israel of figures, including the Nehushtan, as recorded in the Second Book of Kings.

Karaite Judaism defines itself as the remnants of the non-Rabbinic Jewish sects of the Second Temple period, such as the Sadducees.

The role of the priesthood in Judaism has significantly diminished since the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, when priests attended to the Temple and sacrifices.

With the development of effective anti-aircraft artillery in the period before the Second World War, military pilots, once the " knights of the air " during the First World War, became far more vulnerable to ground fire.

In 1765, it had 6674 inhabitants, but emigration, particularly to Mexico, slowed the town's growth in the period before the Second World War.

The Second Great Awakening, a period of religious revival that occurred in the U. S. during the early 1800s, saw the development of a number of unrelated churches.

It is the largest church originating on American soil, and it is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement started by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening.

After relegation into the Third Division south at the end of the 1932 / 33 season the club appointed Jimmy Seed as manager and he oversaw the most successful period in Charlton's history either side of the Second World War.

It happened within the centuries-long time period of the Second Pandemic, an extended period of intermittent bubonic plague epidemics which began in Europe in 1347, the first year of the " Black Death " and lasted until 1750.

The Hammond organ was widely used in United States military chapels and post theaters during the Second World War, and returning soldiers ' familiarity with the instrument may have helped contribute to its popularity in the post-war period.

What followed was the Second Republic's short ( 1921 – 1926 ) and turbulent period of constitutional order and parliamentary democracy.

* Second Intifada, a period of intensified Palestinian – Israeli violence, which began in late September 2000 and ended around 2005

His presidency concluded the first period of American presidential history before the beginning of Jacksonian democracy and the Second Party System era.

" The language of the prayers, while clearly from the Second Temple period ( 516 BCE – 70 CE ), often employs Biblical idiom.

The origins of modern Jewish prayer were established during the period of the Tannaim, " from their traditions, later committed to writing, we learn that the generation of rabbis active at the time of the destruction of the Second Temple ( 70 C. E.

The language of the prayers, while clearly being from the Second Temple period, often employs Biblical idiom, and according to some authorities it should not contain rabbinic or Mishnaic idiom apart from in the sections of Mishnah that are featured ( see Baer ).

It was only near the end of the Second Temple period that the eighteen prayers of the weekday Amidah became standardized.

In the late Second Temple period, beliefs about the ultimate fate of the individual were diverse.

Judeo-Christian ( also Abrahamism ) is a term used in a historical sense to refer to the connections between the precursors of Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism in the Second Temple period, especially in the United States.

The history of the communist movement in Cambodia can be divided into six phases: the emergence of the Indochinese Communist Party ( ICP ), whose members were almost exclusively Vietnamese, before World War II ; the 10-year struggle for independence from the French, when a separate Cambodian communist party, the Kampuchean ( or Khmer ) People's Revolutionary Party ( KPRP ), was established under Vietnamese auspices ; the period following the Second Party Congress of the KPRP in 1960, when Saloth Sar ( Pol Pot after 1976 ) and other future Khmer Rouge leaders gained control of its apparatus ; the revolutionary struggle from the initiation of the Khmer Rouge insurgency in 1967 – 68 to the fall of the Lon Nol government in April 1975 ; the Democratic Kampuchea regime, from April 1975 to January 1979 ; and the period following the Third Party Congress of the KPRP in January 1979, when Hanoi effectively assumed control over Cambodia's government and communist party.

Before the rise of Christianity, the pseudepigrapha of Enochic Judaism, which enjoyed much popularity during the Second Temple period, gave Satan an expanded role.

While the Old Testament writings describe Sheol as the permanent place of the dead, in the Second Temple period ( roughly 500 BCE-70 CE ) a more diverse set of ideas evolved: in some texts, Sheol is the home of both the righteous and the wicked, separated into respective compartments ; in others, it was a place of punishment, meant for the wicked dead alone.

* Several Aramaic targums of Esther were produced in the Middle Ages of which two survive-the Targum Rishon (" First Targum ") and Targum Sheni (" Second Targum ") dated c. 500-1000 CE.

After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, these sects vanished.

Tisha B ' Av is a fast day that commemorates two of the saddest events in Jewish history that both occurred on the ninth of Av — the destruction in 586 BCE of the First Temple, originally built by King Solomon, and destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE.

Formal closure of the canon has often been ascribed to Rabbinic Judaism after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE.

This situation changed drastically, however, mainly as the result of the destruction of the Jewish commonwealth and the Second Temple in the year 70 CE and the consequent upheaval of Jewish social and legal norms.

The first use of Uyghur as a reference to a political nation occurred during the interim period between the First and Second Göktürk Khaganates ( 630-684 CE ).

The Zohar is mostly written in what has been described as an exalted, eccentric style of Aramaic, which was the day-to-day language of Israel in the Second Temple period ( 539 BCE – 70 CE ), was the original language of large sections of the biblical books of Daniel and Ezra, and is the main language of the Talmud.

According to Hammer, his study suggests that the Ashkenazi population expanded through a series of bottlenecks-events that squeeze a population down to small numbers-perhaps as it migrated from the Middle East after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE to Italy, reaching the Rhine Valley in the 10th century.

A Romaniote oral tradition tells that the first Jews arrived in Ioannina shortly after the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE.

Many of them are from the Jewish revolt that preceded the destruction of the Second Temple by Roman legions in 70 CE emblazoned with the words " Freedom of Zion "

The Second Temple was an important Jewish Holy Temple (: Bet HaMikdash ;: Beit al-Quds ) which stood on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem between 516 BCE and 70 CE.

Traditional rabbinic sources state that the Second Temple stood for 420 years and based on the 2nd-century work Seder Olam Rabbah, place construction in 350 BCE ( 3408 AM ), 166 years later than secular estimates, and destruction in 70 CE ( 3829 AM ).

The period between the construction of the Second Temple in 515 BCE and its destruction by the Romans in 70 CE witnessed major historical upheavals and significant religious changes that would affect most subsequent Western ( or Abrahamic ) religions.

After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, Pharisaic beliefs became the liturgical and ritualistic basis for Rabbinic Judaism, which ultimately produced the normative traditional Judaism which is the basis for all contemporary forms of Judaism except for Karaite Judaism.

Similarly, the Sadducees, whose teachings were so closely connected to the Temple, disappeared with the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE.

Its earliest example is however found not in the written texts, but in the Jewish Oral Tradition dated to the Second Temple era ( 515 BCE – 70 CE ) that later became the Talmud.

The settlement was destroyed during the First Dacian War and rebuilt only to be finally destroyed by fire by Trajan's army during the Second Dacian War in 106 CE.

With the Roman destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, Second Temple Judaism was in disarray, but Jewish traditions were preserved especially thanks to the shrewd maneuvers of Yochanan Ben Zakkai, who saved the Sanhedrin and moved it to Yavne.

The Bible has several descriptions of orchestras and Levites making music, but after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, many Rabbis discouraged musical instruments.

The Sadducees ( Hebrew: Ṣĕdûqîm ) were a sect or group of Jews that were active in Judea during the Second Temple period, starting from the second century BCE through the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE.