Altogether, 14 Czechoslovak Communist leaders, 11 of them Jewish, were tried, convicted, and executed ( see Slánský trial ).

L ' Aveu ( The Confession, direction, 1970 ) follows the path of Artur London, a Czechoslovakian communist minister falsely arrested and tried for treason and espionage in the Slánský ' show trial ' in 1952.

Most spectacular was the Slánský trial against KSČ first secretary Rudolf Slánský and thirteen other prominent Communist personalities in November and December 1952.

The Slánský trial ( officially Proces s protistátním spikleneckým centrem Rudolfa Slánského meaning " Trial of anti-state conspiracy centered around Rudolf Slánský ") was a show trial against elements of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia ( KSČ ) who were thought to have adopted the line of the maverick Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito.

The trial was orchestrated ( and the subsequent terror staged in Czechoslovakia ) on the order of Moscow leadership by Soviet advisors, who ironically were invited by Rudolf Slánský and Klement Gottwald, with the help of the Czechoslovak State Security personnel following the László Rajk trial in Budapest in September 1949.

The Slánský trial was dramatised in the 1970 film L ' Aveu (" The Confession "), directed by Costa-Gavras and starring Yves Montand and Simone Signoret.

Kovaly's husband, Rudolf Margolius, a fellow Holocaust survivor, was one of the 11 men executed during the Slánský trial.

See also another book about the Slánský trial by the son of Rudolf Margolius, Ivan Margolius: Reflections of Prague: Journeys through the 20th Century ( ISBN 0470022191 )

* Slánský trial

In the Slánský trial, when the judge skipped one of the scripted questions, the better-rehearsed Slánský answered the one which should have been asked.

In Czechoslovakia, Slánský was one of 14 leaders arrested in 1951 and put on show trial en masse in November 1952, charged with high treason.

# REDIRECT Slánský trial

In 1951 he was arrested and became a co-defendant in the Slánský trial alongside Rudolf Slánský.

* Slánský trial

Pauker was arrested in February 1953 and was subjected to prolonged interrogations in preparation to be put on trial, as had occurred with Rudolf Slánský and others in the Prague Trials.

Following the anti-Semitic atrocities in Czechoslovakia ( Slánský trial, November 1952 ), arrests and interrogations of Jews in East Berlin and East Germany in January 1953 and the Soviet Doctors ' plot ( started on 13 January 1953 ), members of Jüdische Gemeinde in East Berlin formed a new provisional executive board competent only for the eastern sector on 21 January, hoping to spare themselves from further persecution, and thus dividing the Jewish community into an eastern and a western one.

" ( See Slánský trial.

In 1946, Gottwald gave up the secretary-general's post to Rudolf Slánský and was elected to the new position of party chairman.

Slánský and Clementis were executed in December 1952, and hundreds of other government officials were sent to prison.

Starting in 1948, Abakumov initiated several investigations against these leaders, which culminated with the arrest in November 1951 of Rudolf Slánský, Bedřich Geminder, and others in Czechoslovakia.

* 1952 – Slánský trials – a series of Stalinist and anti-Semitic show trials in Czechoslovakia.

The pace of change, however, was sluggish ; the rehabilitation of Stalinist-era victims, such as those convicted in the Slánský trials, may have been considered as early as 1963, but did not take place until 1967.

Following Czechoslovakia's brief consideration of taking Marshall Plan funds, and the subsequent scolding of communist parties by the Cominform at Szklarska Poręba in September 1947, Rudolf Slánský returned to Prague with a plan for the final seizure of power, including the StB's elimination of party enemies and purging of dissidents.

Slánský and ten other defendants were executed, while three were sentenced to life imprisonment.

On 20 November 1952, Rudolf Slánský, General Secretary of the KSČ, and 13 other Communist leaders or bureaucrats, 11 of them Jews, were accused of participating in a Trotskyite-Titoite-Zionist conspiracy and convicted: 11 were executed and three sentenced to life imprisonment.

Klement Gottwald, president of Czechoslovakia and leader of the Communist Party, feared being purged, and decided to sacrifice Slánský, a longtime collaborator and personal friend who was the second-in-command of the party.

Slánský attempted suicide while in prison.

The Rajk trials led Moscow to warn Czechoslovakia's parties that enemy agents had penetrated high into party ranks, and when a puzzled Rudolf Slánský and Klement Gottwald inquired what they could do, Stalin's NKVD agents arrived to help prepare subsequent trials.

Slánský and eleven others were convicted together of being " Trotskyist-zionist-titoist-bourgeois-nationalist traitors " in one series of show trials, after which they were executed and their ashes were mixed with material being used to fill roads on the outskirts of Prague.

By the time of the Slánský trials, the Kremlin had been arguing that Israel, like Yugoslavia, had bitten the Soviet hand that had fed it, and thus the trials took an overtly anti-Semitic tone, with eleven of the fourteen defendants tried with Slánský being Jewish.

This is the most delightful trial I have ever had '', she decided.

The behavior of a biological aerosol, on a much smaller scale, is illustrated by a specific field trial conducted with a non-pathogenic organism.

If three dice are tossed, a trial is one toss of one die and the experiment is composed of three trials.

Or, what amounts to the same thing, if one die is tossed three times, each toss is a trial, and the three tosses form the experiment.

These examples are illustrative of the use of the words `` trial '' and `` experiment '' as they are used in this chapter, but they are quite flexible words and it is well not to restrict them too narrowly.

We can escape from such a difficulty by ruling out the animal as not constituting a trial, but such a solution is not always satisfactory.

Indeed, the experiment is better viewed as consisting of one binomial trial for the entire family.

But it is crucial that here, unlike Burford, the trial court was ordered to retain the case until the state courts had had a reasonable opportunity to settle the state-law question.

`` It is not an individual that is in the dock at this historical trial '' -- said Ben Gurion, `` and not the Nazi regime alone -- but anti-Semitism throughout history ''.

A trial of strength, however, is made quite inevitable by virtue of the fact that anyone engaging in non-violent resistance will be convinced that his action is based on sounder values than those of his opponent ; ;

It is impossible to get a fair trial when some of the defendants made statements involving themselves and others ''.

The charge that the federal indictment of three Chicago narcotics detail detectives `` is the product of rumor, combined with malice, and individual enmity '' on the part of the federal narcotics unit here was made yesterday in their conspiracy trial before Judge Joseph Sam Perry in federal District court.

For example Connecticut applies the following standard to review unpreserved claims: 1. the record is adequate to review the alleged claim of error ; 2. the claim is of constitutional magnitude alleging the violation of a fundamental right ; 3. the alleged constitutional violation clearly exists and clearly deprived the defendant of a fair trial ; 4. if subject to harmless error analysis, the state has failed to demonstrate harmlessness of the alleged constitutional violation beyond a reasonable doubt.

If the petition is granted the appellant could be released from incarceration, the sentence could be modified, or a new trial could be ordered.

This might be the proper standard of review, for example, if the lower court resolved the case by granting a pre-trial motion to dismiss or motion for summary judgment which is usually based only upon written submissions to the trial court and not on any trial testimony.

Generally, there is no trial in an appellate court, only consideration of the record of the evidence presented to the trial court and all the pre-trial and trial court proceedings are reviewed — unless the appeal is by way of re-hearing, new evidence will usually only be considered on appeal in " very " rare instances, for example if that material evidence was unavailable to a party for some very significant reason such as prosecutorial misconduct.