* 1991 – Collapse of the Soviet Union – Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party.

* 1922 – Joseph Stalin becomes the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

The treaty was signed in Moscow on May 26, 1972 by the President of the United States, Richard Nixon and the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Leonid Brezhnev ; and ratified by the US Senate on August 3, 1972.

* General assessment: an extensive but antiquated telecommunications network inherited from the Soviet era ; quality has improved ; the Bulgaria Telecommunications Company's fixed-line monopoly terminated in 2005 when alternative fixed-line operators were given access to its network ; a drop in fixed-line connections in recent years has been more than offset by a sharp increase in mobile-cellular telephone use fostered by multiple service providers ; the number of cellular telephone subscriptions now exceeds the population

According to Pasternak, during the 1937 show trial of General Iona Yakir and Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky, the Union of Soviet Writers requested all members to add their names to a statement supporting the death penalty for the defendants.

Some were Nazi collaborators who had fought under General Andrey Vlasov, but most were ordinary Soviet officers and men.

In the West and in the Soviet Union, Chiang Kai-shek was known as the " Red General ".

Chiang also supported the Muslim General Ma Zhongying, whom he had trained at Whampoa Military Academy during the Kumul Rebellion, in a Jihad against Jin Shuren, Sheng Shicai, and the Soviet Union during the Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang.

Chiang then supported Muslim General Ma Hushan against Sheng Shicai and the Soviet Union in the Xinjiang War ( 1937 ).

Gorbachev's election to the General Secretaryship was the quickest in Soviet history.

Besides the Politburo the Central Committee also elected the Secretariat and the General Secretary, the de facto leader of the Soviet Union.

The Communist Party's power over the state formally ended that same year with the newly created Soviet Presidency, whose first and only President was Party General Secretary Gorbachev.

Ivashko remained for five days as acting General Secretary until August 29 when the party's activity was suspended by the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.

Following the death of terminally ill Konstantin Chernenko, the Politburo elected Mikhail Gorbachev to the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( CPSU ) in March 1985, marking the rise of a new generation of leadership.

Diplomatic relations between Grenada and the Soviet Union were severed in 1983 by the Governor General of Grenada.

However, in May 1927, during a row over clandestine Soviet support for the General Strike and the distribution of subversive propaganda, Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin made details from the decrypts public.

On 21 June 1941, the day before invasion of the Soviet Union, Himmler commissioned the preparation of the Generalplan Ost ( General Plan for the East ); the plan was finalised in July 1942.

In July 1970, the US withdrew 50 % of its financial support to the ILO following the appointment of an Assistant-Director General from the Soviet Union.

In 1951, in Taiwan, the Chinese Muslim Kuomintang General Bai Chongxi made a speech broadcast on radio to the entire Muslim world calling for a war against Russia, claiming that the " imperialist ogre " leader Stalin was engineering World War III, and Bai also called upon Muslims to avoid the Indian leader Jawaharlal Nehru, accusing him of being blind to Soviet imperialism.

* 1983 – Cold War: Samantha Smith, a U. S. schoolgirl, flies to the Soviet Union at the invitation of Secretary General Yuri Andropov.

When it came to time for Ribbentrop to present the German declaration of war on 22 June 1941 to the Soviet Ambassador, General Vladimir Dekanozov, Paul Schmidt described the scene :" It is just before four on the morning of Sunday, 22 June 1941 in the office of the Foreign Minister.

In October 1941, Ribbentrop ’ s prestige was badly damaged by the discovery of the Soviet spy ring in Tokyo headed by Richard Sorge, who was arrested by the Japanese while in bed with the wife of General Eugen Ott, the German Ambassador.

In a book review of `` The Soviet Cultural Offensive '', he says, `` Long before the State Department organized its bureaucracy into an East-West Contacts Staff in order to wage a cultural counter-offensive within Soviet borders, the sharp cutting-edge of American culture had carved its mark across the Russian steppes, as when the enterprising promoters of ' Porgy And Bess ' overrode the State Department to carry the contemporary ' cultural warfare ' behind the enemy lines.

Two towns were also named after him: Voroshilovgrad in Ukraine ( now changed back to the historical Luhansk ) and Voroshilov in the Soviet Far East ( now renamed Ussuriysk after the Ussuri river ), as well as the General Staff Academy in Moscow.

* 1945 – World War II: Ratification in Berlin-Karlshorst of the German unconditional surrender of May 8 in Rheims, France, with the signatures of Marshal Georgy Zhukov for the Soviet Union, and for the Western Headquarters Sir Arthur Tedder, British Air Marshal and Eisenhower's deputy, and for the German side of Colonel-General Hans-Jürgen Stumpff as the representative of the Luftwaffe, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel as the Chief of Staff of OKW, and Admiral Hans-Georg von Friedeburg as Commander-in-Chief of the Kriegsmarine.

According to Dr. Vitalii Nikolaevich Tsygichko, a Senior Analyst at the Academy of Sciences, the author of the study, Mathematical Model of Soviet Strategic Operations on the Continental Theater, and a former member of the General Staff, military analysts discussed the idea of a " nuclear winter " ( although they did not use that exact term ) years before U. S. scientists wrote about it in the 1980s .< REF > http :// www. gwu. edu /~ nsarchiv // nukevault / ebb285 /</ REF >

Historian John Erickson dates 1 February 1924, when Mikhail Frunze became head of the Red Army Staff, as the ascent of the General Staff, which dominated Soviet military planning and operations.

Under orders from the Joint Chiefs of Staff, SAC was told its primary objective was bombing targets in order to damage or destroy Soviet ability to deliver nuclear weapons, its secondary objective was stopping Soviet advances into Western Europe, and its tertiary objective was the same as before, destroying Soviet industrial capacity.

In the low-level role, which had originally been intended to be performed by the cancelled BAC TSR-2, the V Force were considered by Air Staff planners to be largely immune from interception, the Soviet air defences being assessed as having no significant interception capability below 1, 500 ft, any remaining threat coming from the SA-3 low-level surface-to-air missile, flight planners taking care to route aircraft around known SA-3 sites.

* August 24 – Sergey Akhromeyev, Russian marshall, former Chief of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces ( b. 1923 )

Rather than making extensive preparations for battlefield nuclear combat in Central Europe, the Soviet General Staff emphasized conventional military operations and believing that they had an advantage there.

On 22 January, the RAF director of bomber operations, Air Commodore Sydney Bufton, sent a memo to the Deputy Chief of the Air Staff, Air Marshal Sir Norman Bottomley, suggesting that what appeared to be a coordinated air attack by the RAF to aid the current Soviet offensive would have a detrimental effect on German morale.

During the Yalta Conference on 4 February, the Deputy Chief of the Soviet General Staff, General Aleksei Antonov, raised the issue of hampering the reinforcement of German troops from the western front by paralysing the junctions of Berlin and Leipzig with aerial bombardment.

The memorandum from LeMay, Chief of Staff, USAF, to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, January 4, 1964, illustrates LeMay's reasons for keeping bomber forces alongside ballistic missiles: " It is important to recognize, however, that ballistic missile forces represent both the U. S. and Soviet potential for strategic nuclear warfare at the highest, most indiscriminate level, and at a level least susceptible to control.

A Combined Chiefs of Staff committee was created to coordinate British and American operations as well as their support to Soviet Russia.

At this meeting, General Zia-ul-Haq asked the Chief of Army Staff General Khalid Mahmud Arif and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Muhammad Shariff to lead a specialized civil-military team to formulate a geo-strategy to counter the Soviet aggression.

GRU or Glavnoye Razvedyvatel ' noye Upravleniye is the foreign military intelligence main directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation ( formerly the Soviet Army General Staff of the Soviet Union ).

Although postwar Soviet accounts insisted Operation Kremlin had failed, the Soviet High Command and the General Staff were in fact misled by the deception ; Joseph Stalin and top Soviet generals had no doubt that the Germans would launch another offensive on Moscow in mid-1942.

Soviet Studies, vol.

Soviet Studies of Premodern China: Assessments of Recent Scholarship.

< i > Cambridge Russian, Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies.

Soviet scholars were represented at the International Political Science Association since 1955 ( since 1960 by the Soviet Association of Political and State Studies ).

His work was essentially unknown outside the Soviet Union, but inside the country it inspired further research, experimentation and the formation of the Society for Studies of Interplanetary Travel in 1924.

Studies by economists of various political persuasions on the actual functioning of the Soviet economy indicate that it was not actually a planned economy.

* Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Soviet Union / Appendix C: The Warsaw Pact ( 1989 )

* The Soviet Union: Challenges and Responses As Seen from the European Point of View, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1984, ISBN 978-9971-902-75-9

* Shorena Kurtsikidze and Vakhtang Chikovani, Georgia's Pankisi Gorge: An Ethnographic Survey, Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies, University of California, Berkeley, Spring 2002.

Leonov stated in an interview at the Chilean Center of Public Studies ( CEP ) that the Soviet economic support included over $ 100 million in credit, three fishing ships ( that distributed 17, 000 tons of frozen fish to the population ), factories ( as help after the 1971 earthquake ), 3, 100 tractors, 74, 000 tons of wheat and more than a million tins of condensed milk.

* Makaryk, Irene R. " Soviet Views of Shakespeare ’ s Comedies ", Shakespeare Studies, 15 ( 1982 ), 281 – 313

U. S .- Soviet Talks Leading to the Interim Agreement on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms, 1969-1972, Pew Case Studies in International Affairs, Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C., 1987

Studies of American broadcasting into the Soviet bloc, and testimonials from Czech President Vaclav Havel, Polish President Lech Walesa, and Russian President Boris Yeltsin support that soft power efforts of the United States and its allies during the Cold War were ultimately successful in creating the favorable conditions that led to the collapse of the Soviet empire.

Studies From the Former Soviet Union.

" Soviet Tank Operations in the Spanish Civil War ", in Journal of Slavic Military Studies, vol 12, no 3, September 1999.

The Connection between the Nazis and the Leaders of the Zionist Movement 1933-1945 is the title of Mahmoud Abbas ' CandSc thesis, completed in 1982 at the Peoples ' Friendship University of Russia, and defended at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.

" Soviet Studies, 5 ( 4 ), 427 – 434.

* Busch, Andrew E .; " Ronald Reagan and the Defeat of the Soviet Empire " in Presidential Studies Quarterly.

" The Komsomol and Worker Youth: The Inculcation of ' Communist Values ' in Leningrad during NEP ," Soviet Studies 34. 4 ( 1982 ): 506-28. in JSTOR

Studies were simply devoted to Soviet propaganda.

"< ref > Max Holland, " I. F. Stone: Encounters with Soviet Intelligence ," < em > Journal of Cold War Studies < em >, Volume 11, Number 3, Summer 2009 .</ ref >

* Max Holland, I. F. Stone: Encounters with Soviet Intelligence, Journal of Cold War Studies, Volume 11, Number 3, Summer 2009.

Studies of public filings have found signs of the same Goldsmith-backed Hong Kong-based team taking stakes in operations as diverse as Soviet strategic ports in Vladivostok and Vostochny, and in Zee TV, India's dominant private television broadcaster later sold to Rupert Murdoch.