The priority of the discovery and therefore the naming of the element was disputed between Soviet and American scientists, and it was not until 1997 that International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) established Soviet team priority and a compromise name of dubnium as the official name for the element.

These results by the Berkeley scientists did not confirm the Soviet findings regarding the 9. 40 MeV or 9. 70 MeV alpha-decay of dubnium-260, leaving only dubnium-261 as possible produced isotope.

Consequently hahnium was the name that most American and Western European scientists used and appears in many papers published at the time, and nielsbohrium was used in the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries.

During an international space symposium in May 1966, attended by space scientists from the United States and Soviet Union, he first proposed that manned landings on the moons would be a logical step after a manned landing on the Earth's moon.

By revealing that America was producing one hundred kilograms of uranium-235 and twenty kilograms of plutonium per month, Fuchs made it easy for Soviet scientists to calculate the number of atomic bombs the United States possessed.

Because of the manner in which the head of the Soviet project, Lavrenti Beria, used foreign intelligence ( as a third-party check, rather than giving it directly to the scientists, as he did not trust the information by default ) it is unknown whether Fuchs's fission information had a substantial effect ( and considering that the pace of the Soviet program was set primarily by the amount of uranium they could procure, it is hard for scholars to accurately judge how much time this saved the Soviets ).

Some former Soviet scientists said they were actually hampered by Fuchs's data, because Beria insisted that their first bomb (" Joe 1 ") should resemble the American plutonium bomb (" Fat Man ") as much as possible, even though the scientists had discovered a number of improvements and different designs for a more efficient weapon.

They are simply its possessors, its beneficiaries, and have to bequeath it in an improved state to succeeding generations .” Following the Russian Revolution, environmental scientists such as revolutionary Aleksandr Bogdanov and the Proletkul't organisation made efforts to incorporate environmentalism into Bolshevism, and " integrate production with natural laws and limits " in the first decade of Soviet rule, before Joseph Stalin attacked ecologists and the science of ecology, purged environmentalists and promoted the pseudo-science of Trofim Lysenko.

It was first correctly identified in 1966 by scientists at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna, Soviet Union.

In May 1937 the world's first North Pole ice station, North Pole-1, was established by Soviet scientists 20 kilometres ( 13 mi ) from the North Pole.

Discounting Peary's disputed claim, the first men to set foot at the North Pole were a Soviet party including geophysicists Mikhail Ostrekin and Pavel Senko, oceanographers Mikhail Somov and Pavel Gordienko, and other scientists and flight crew ( 24 people in total ) of Aleksandr Kuznetsov's Sever-2 expedition ( March – May 1948 ).

Next year, on May 9, 1949, two other Soviet scientists ( Vitali Volovich and Andrei Medvedev ) became the first people to parachute onto the North Pole.

According to Dr. Vitalii Nikolaevich Tsygichko, a Senior Analyst at the Academy of Sciences, the author of the study, Mathematical Model of Soviet Strategic Operations on the Continental Theater, and a former member of the General Staff, military analysts discussed the idea of a " nuclear winter " ( although they did not use that exact term ) years before U. S. scientists wrote about it in the 1980s .< REF > http :// www. gwu. edu /~ nsarchiv // nukevault / ebb285 /</ REF >

The results were published in Soviet science journals, and short summaries were published in Chemical Abstracts in English, but Western scientists took no notice of the work.

This took a few years longer in the Soviet Union, where scientists still clung to the idea.

A test Soviet connection to Austria in 1982 existed, in 1982 and 1983 there were series of " world computer conferences " at VNIIPAS initiated by the U. N. where USSR was represented by a team of scientists from many Soviet Republics headed by biochemist Anatoly Klyosov ; the other participating countries were UK, USA, Canada, Sweden, FRG, GDR, Italy, Finland, Philippines, Guatemala, Japan, Thailand, Luxembourg, Denmark, Brazil and New Zealand.

The priority of the discovery and therefore the naming of the element was disputed between Soviet and American scientists, and it was not until 1997 that International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) established rutherfordium as the official name for the element.

The Soviet scientists took a strong interest in SETI during the 1960s and performed a number of searches with omnidirectional antennas in the hope of picking up powerful radio signals.

Soviet scientists, however, quickly developed their own FAE weapons, which were reportedly used against China in the Sino-Soviet border conflict and in Afghanistan.

Experimental research of tokamak systems started in 1956 in Kurchatov Institute, Moscow by a group of Soviet scientists led by Lev Artsimovich.

In a book review of `` The Soviet Cultural Offensive '', he says, `` Long before the State Department organized its bureaucracy into an East-West Contacts Staff in order to wage a cultural counter-offensive within Soviet borders, the sharp cutting-edge of American culture had carved its mark across the Russian steppes, as when the enterprising promoters of ' Porgy And Bess ' overrode the State Department to carry the contemporary ' cultural warfare ' behind the enemy lines.

At one time it seemed as if the Soviet Union had done us a favor by providing a striking example of how not to behave towards other peoples and other nations.

As of October 25, the AEC had reported 24 shots in the new Soviet series, 12 of them in a megaton range, including a super bomb with a yield of 30 to 50 megatons ( the equivalent of 30 million to 50 million tons of TNT ) ; ;

What we need to realize is that the increasingly great contamination of the atmosphere by the Soviet tests had radically increased our own moral obligations.

While obliged to concede governments in East Europe allied with the Soviet Union instead of opposed to it, we thought we had preserved our social and economic system in East Europe.

The heightened tension, in fact, had been a major factor in the President's change of view about the urgency of a meeting with the Soviet leader.

Shortly before his nomination he had set forth his basic view about the problem of negotiations with the Soviet leader in these words:

The question arose as to whether a frank discussion of that danger with the Soviet leader had not become urgent.

Hours after a parade of his new Soviet tanks and artillery, Dictator Fidel Castro suddenly confronted the U.S. with a blunt and drastic demand: within 48 hours, the U.S. had to reduce its embassy and consulate staffs in Cuba to a total of eleven persons ( the embassy staff alone totaled 87 U.S. citizens, plus 120 Cuban employees ).

With three fine Russian films in recent months on World War 2, -- `` The House I Live In '', `` The Cranes Are Flying '' and `` Ballad Of A Soldier '' -- we had every right to expect a real Soviet block-buster in `` The Day The War Ended ''.

Even the 1874 invention of mechanical calculator, Odhner arithmometer, had not replaced them in Russia and likewise the mass production of Felix arithmometers since 1924 did not significantly reduce their use in the Soviet Union.

Russian abacus began to lose popularity only after the mass production of microcalculators had started in the Soviet Union in 1974.

Newly independent Armenia needed the income from foreign sales of Nairit rubber and chemical products, many of which had been assigned exclusively to that plant under the Soviet system and were still unavailable elsewhere to the former Soviet republics in the early 1990s.

Under the old Soviet central planning system, Armenia had developed a modern industrial sector, supplying machine tools, textiles, and other manufactured goods to sister republics in exchange for raw materials and energy.

The 12 countries had significant interests in Antarctica at the time: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States.

When the site was excavated by Soviet archaeologists during 1941-45, they realized that they had discovered a building absolutely unique for the area: a large ( 1500 square meters ) Chinese-style, likely Han Dynasty era ( 206 BCE – 220 CE ) palace.

Only a few individuals in the Soviet Union dared to defend ' traitors ' like Sakharov and Solzhenitsyn, and those who had dared were inevitably punished.

Throughout the late 1950s and into the 1960s, the United States and the Soviet Union had been developing a series of missile systems with the ability to shoot down incoming ICBM warheads.

During the Soviet Union's blockade of West Berlin in 1948, the commanders of the Berlin airlift had cabled Capp, requesting inflatable shmoos as part of " Operation: Little Vittles.

The economy declined dramatically during the 1990s with the collapse of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ( COMECON ) system and the loss of the Soviet market, to which the country had been closely tied.

The economy declined dramatically during the 1990s with the collapse of the Comecon system and the loss of the Soviet market, to which the country had been closely tied.