In exceptional situations, such as war, occupation, revolution or a coup d ' état, constitutional institutions, including the symbolically crucial head of state, may be reduced to a figurehead or be suspended in favor of an emergency office ( such as the original Roman Dictator ) or eliminated by a new " provisionary " regime, such as a collective of the junta type, or removed by an occupying force, such as a military governor ( an early example being the Spartan Harmost ).

A force of 10, 000 hoplites was dispatched to the Vale of Tempe, through which they believed the Persian army would have to pass, under the command of the Spartan polemarch Euenetus and Themistocles.

During Alexander's campaigns in the east, the Spartan king, Agis III sent a force to Crete in 333 BC with the aim of securing the island for Sparta.

Supposedly, following the disaster that befell the Roman imperial army at the Battle of Adrianople ( AD 378 ), a Spartan militia phalanx met and defeated a force of raiding Visigoths in battle.

In 375 BC it again joined the Athenian alliance ; two years later it was besieged by a Spartan force, but in spite of the devastation of its flourishing countryside held out successfully until relieved.

His army engulfs a force of 300 Spartans and 700 Thespiae under the Spartan King, Leonidas I.

* 480 Leonidas, Spartan, makes sacrifice of 300 Spartans at the Battle of Thermopylae so main force can escape ; Xerxes son of Darius is leading the Persians

The blockade of Conon by the Spartans was broken, the Spartan force was soundly defeated and Callicratidas was killed during the battle.

In 403 BC, he commanded a small force of exiles that invaded Attica and, in successive battles, defeated first a Spartan garrison and then the forces of the oligarchic government ( which included the Spartan general, Lysander ) in the Battle of Munychia.

The Battle of Piraeus was then fought between Athenian exiles who had defeated the government of the Thirty Tyrants and occupied Piraeus and a Spartan force sent to combat them.

He commands a small force of exiles that invades Attica and, in successive battles, defeats first a Spartan garrison and then the forces of the oligarchic government ( which includes the Spartan general, Lysander ) in the Battle of Munychia.

* The Battle of Piraeus is fought between Athenian exiles, who have defeated the government of the Thirty Tyrants and occupied Piraeus, and a Spartan force sent to combat them.

In 404 BC, he commanded a small force of exiles that invaded Attica and, in successive battles, defeated first a Spartan garrison and then the forces of the oligarchy.

Left: Alcibiades ' decoy force ( blue ) lures the Spartan fleet ( black ) out to sea.

In this battle, the Athenians drew the Spartan fleet out to pursue a small force led by Alcibiades ; when the Spartans had gotten a good distance from land, two squadrons under the command of Thrasybulus and Theramenes appeared in their rear to cut off their retreat.

When the Spartan garrison of Athens, supported by Athenian cavalry, was sent out to oppose him, Thrasybulus led his force, now 700 strong, in a surprise daybreak raid on their camp, killing 120 Spartans and putting the rest to flight.

King Agis II leads the Spartan force that occupies Decelea in Attica.

* The Athenian general, Iphicrates, with a force composed almost entirely of light troops and peltasts ( javelin throwers ), wins a decisive victory against the Spartan regiment that has been stationed at Lechaeum in the Battle of Lechaeum.

As a large part of the Spartan army led by king Areus I is in Crete at the time, Pyrrhus has great hopes of taking the city easily, but the citizens organise stout resistance, allowing one of Antigonus II's commanders, Aminias the Phocian, to reach the city with a force of mercenaries from Corinth.

* A Spartan expeditionary force under King Agesilaus II crosses the Gulf of Corinth to attack Acarnania, an ally of the anti-Spartan coalition.

Subsequently appointed by the ephors to settle the political dissensions then rife at Byzantium and to protect the city and the neighbouring Greek colonies from Thracian attacks, he made himself tyrant of Byzantium, and, when declared an outlaw and driven thence by a Spartan force, he fled to Cyrus, leaving the garrison to Helixus of Megara ( see Coeratadas ).

The Spartan King Agesilaus II uses this clause as an excuse to force the dissolution of Thebes ' Boeotian League.

Bryn Mawr Drive is only two or three miles from the Spartan, and it took me less than five minutes to get there.

However, this depends on when exactly the Spartans held their festival and it is possible that the Spartan calendar was one month ahead of that of Athens.

Plutarch is the source also for the story that the victorious Spartan generals, having planned the demolition of Athens and the enslavement of its people, grew merciful after being entertained at a banquet by lyrics from Euripides's play Electra: " they felt that it would be a barbarous act to annihilate a city which produced such men " ( Life of Lysander )

* January 29 – WWII: HMS Spartan ( 95 ) is sunk by a Henschel Hs 293 from a German aircraft off Anzio, western Italy.

* 424 BC: The Spartan general Brasidas captures Amphipolis, which is a setback for Athens.

* 407 BC: The Athenian fleet is routed by the Spartan one in the Battle of Notium, which gives Alcibiades ' opponents a reason to strip him of command.

** The Battle of Plataea in Boeotia ends the Persian invasions of Greece as the Persian general Mardonius is routed by the Greeks under Pausanias, nephew of the former Spartan King, Leonidas I.

The legendary period of Spartan history is believed to fall into the Dark Age.

465 – 460 BC ), and Thucydides remarked that " Spartan policy is always mainly governed by the necessity of taking precautions against the helots.

Spartiates, on the other hand, were forbidden ( in theory ) from engaging in menial labor or trade, although there is evidence of Spartan sculptors, and Spartans were certainly poets, magistrates, ambassadors, and governors as well as soldiers.

According to some sources, the older man was expected to function as a kind of substitute father and role model to his junior partner ; however, others believe it was reasonably certain that they had sexual relations ( the exact nature of Spartan pederasty is not entirely clear ).

Less information is available about the education of Spartan girls, but they seem to have gone through a fairly extensive formal educational cycle, broadly similar to that of the boys but with less emphasis on military training.

One of the most persistent myths about Sparta that has no basis in fact is the notion that Spartan mothers were without feelings toward their off-spring and helped enforce a militaristic lifestyle on their sons and husbands.

Laconophilia is love or admiration of Sparta and of the Spartan culture or constitution.

In this version, she is a Spartan blacksmith, as well as a superior athlete.

After participating in the G-222 transport aircraft program, the company is involved in the new Military Transport Aircraft C-27J Spartan, for the production of outer wings.

( date disputed by Jerome, Pausanias and Diodorus ; this estimate is based on a reading of Diodorus ' Spartan king lists and Pausanias ' description of the war )

Lysander's father was Aristocleitus, who was a member of the Spartan Heracleidae ; that is, like most Dorian men of good family, he claimed descent from Heracles.

Taranto was founded in 706 BC by Dorian Greek immigrants as the only Spartan colony, and its origin is peculiar: the founders were Partheniae (" sons of virgins "), sons of unmarried Spartan women and Perioeci ( free men, but not citizens of Sparta ); these out-of-wedlock unions were permitted extraordinarily by the Spartans to increase the prospective number of soldiers ( only the citizens of Sparta could become soldiers ) during the bloody Messenian wars, but later they were retroactively nullified, and the sons were then obliged to leave Greece forever.

As the port of Gythium is an important Spartan base, the allies decide to capture it before they advance inland to Sparta.

The Achaean fleet under Tiso is defeated by the Spartan fleet.

* Callicratidas is appointed as the navarch of the Spartan fleet, replacing Lysander.