In later Assyrian and Babylonian texts, the name Akkad, together with Sumer, appears as part of the royal title, as in the Sumerian LUGAL KI. EN. GIR < sup > KI </ sup > URU < sup > KI </ sup > or Akkadian Šar māt Šumeri u Akkadi, translating to " king of Sumer and Akkad ".

A collection of immense importance, the holdings of Assyrian, Babylonian and Sumerian antiquities are among the most comprehensive in the world with entire suites of rooms panelled in alabaster bas-reliefs from highly important sites between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris and include the biblical cities of Nimrud, Nineveh and Khorsabad.

Successively ruled by the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian, Medo-Persian, Seleucid and Parthian empires during the Iron Age and Classical Antiquity, Iraq was

The Babylonian ( and Assyrian ) culture was a synthesis of Akkadian and Sumerian culture.

Akkadian, came to be the dominant language during the Akkadian Empire and the Assyrian empires, but Sumerian was retained for administration, religious, literary, and scientific purposes.

This has notably been the case with the Egyptian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Hittite, Ugaritic and Luwian languages.

* It lists many Assyrian / Babylonian and Sumerian star names recovered by archaeology, and some of these ( e. g. Sargas and Nunki ) have come into general use.

The earlier Akkadian and Sumerian traditions played a major role in Babylonian ( and Assyrian ) culture, and the region would remain an important cultural center, even under protracted and lengthy periods of outside rule.

It spanned several civilizations ; from Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian, and Babylonian.

Canaan is mentioned in a document from the 18th century BC found in the ruins of Mari, a former Sumerian and at that time Assyrian outpost in Syria, located along the Middle Euphrates.

During the " Sumerian Renaissance " ( Ur III ) of the 21st century BC, Sumerian is written in already highly abstract cuneiform glyphs directly succeeded by Old Assyrian cuneiform.

Ishtar ( pronounced ; Transliteration: < sup > D </ sup > IŠTAR ; Akkadian: DINGIR INANNA ; Sumerian ) is the Assyrian and Babylonian goddess of fertility, war, love, and sex.

Mesopotamian religion refers to the religious beliefs and practices followed by the Sumerian and Akkadian ( Assyrian / Babylonian ) peoples living in Mesopotamia ( around the area of modern Iraq ) that dominated the region for a period of 4200 years from the fourth millennium BC to proximately the 3rd century AD.

Under the Seleucids, Greek was introduced into Babylon, and fragments of tablets have been found with Sumerian and Assyrian ( i. e. Semitic Babylonian ) words transcribed into Greek letters.

Adad / Ishkur's consort ( both in early Sumerian and later Assyrian texts ) was Shala, a goddess of grain, who is also sometimes associated with the god Dagan.

Knowledge of Elamite history remains largely fragmentary, reconstruction being based on mainly Mesopotamian ( Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian and Babylonian ) sources.

The collections of the National Museum of Iraq include art and artifacts from ancient Sumerian, Babylonian, Akkadian, Assyrian and Chaldean civilizations.

: On April 12, 2003, The Associated Press reported: “ The famed Iraq National Museum, home of extraordinary Babylonian, Sumerian and Assyrian collections and rare Islamic texts, sat empty Saturday-except for shattered glass display cases and cracked pottery bowls that littered the floor .”

On January 30, 2012, a 6, 500-year-old Sumerian gold jar, the head of a Sumerian battle axe and a stone from an Assyrian palace were among 45 relics returned to Iraq by Germany.

Trade with the ancient Sumerian, Assyrian and later on Arab cultures also helped import in several of those culinary techniques.

The Middle East Museum exhibition displays objects, found by German archeologists and others, from the areas of Assyrian, Sumerian and Babylonian culture.

In Sumerian and Akkadian ( Babylonian and Assyrian ) mythology, The Gallus ( also called gallu demons or gallas gallû ) were great demons / devils of the underworld.

Fist depicted in Sumerian relief ( in Iraq ) carvings from the 3rd millennium BC, while an ancient Egyptian relief from the 2nd millennium BC depicts both fist-fighters and spectators.

The term " ideogram " is commonly used to describe logographs in writing systems such as Egyptian hieroglyphs, Sumerian cuneiform and Chinese characters.

The mythological sources of the various pagan traditions are similarly varied, including Celtic, Norse, Greek, Roman, Sumerian, Egyptian and others.

Scholars have noted that Song of Songs shows similarities of various kinds with other Ancient Near Eastern love poetry in general, but particularly some Sumerian erotic passages, and the Ramesside Egyptian love poetry.

Trade in the stone is ancient enough for lapis jewelry to have been found at Predynastic Egyptian and ancient Sumerian sites, and as lapis beads at neolithic burials in Mehrgarh, the Caucasus, and even as far from Afghanistan as Mauritania.

Written records of the Egyptian language have been dated from about 3400 BC, making it one of the oldest recorded languages known, outside of Sumerian.

Very early examples are Epic of Gilgamesh, in its Sumerian version predating 2000 BC, and the Egyptian Book of the Dead written down in the Papyrus of Ani in approximately 1250 BC but probably dates from about the 18th century BC.

Ancient Sumerian, Egyptian, and Chinese civilizations began to use such symbols over, developing them into logographic writing systems.

The major civilizations, as Toynbee sees them, are: Egyptian, Andean, Sinic, Minoan, Sumerian, Mayan, Indic, Hittite, Hellenic, Western, Orthodox Christian ( Russia ), Far Eastern, Orthodox Christian ( main body ), Persian, Arabic, Hindu, Mexican, Yucatec, and Babylonic.

Amorite ( Sumerian MAR. TU, Akkadian Tidnum or Amurrūm, Egyptian Amar, Hebrew אמורי ʼĔmōrī ) refers to an ancient Semitic people from ancient Syria who also occupied large parts of Mesopotamia from the 21st Century BC.

Sumerian and Ancient Egyptian bas-reliefs depicting soldiers have been argued as portraying the earliest examples of lamellar armour, particularly on chariot drivers, but it is not until the time of the Assyrians ( circa 900 – 600 BC ) that possible examples of lamellar appear in the archaeological record.

Several archaic titles of nobility ( e. g., Middle English Sir ( knight ), Old French Sire ( lord ), proto-Slavic Tsar ( monarch ), Biblical Hebrew Sar ( chief ), Akkadian Saris ( court minister ), Old Egyptian Ser ( prince )) derive from the same etymological root, likely Sumerian ( from Sarrum meaning " king "; see Sargon of Akkad ).

" Schulke observed that " Chumbley's grimoire Azoëtia, though wholly a reification of traditional British witchcraft, makes use of Sumerian, Egyptian, Yezidi, Arabic, and Aztec iconography, among others.

Marcel Gimond maintained a concise critique of sculpture, and taught that monumentality in sculpture was universal throughout the civilizations of the world, in recognition of the varied sculptural achievements of Egyptian, Khmer, Sumerian or pre-Columbian art ; holding that " Art is a language, the sole which has the privilege to be universal, and which, across frontiers, can unite all that which is not alien to humanity.

Unique types of maces known as " Gada " were used extensively in ancient Indian warfare, and the enchanted talking mace Sharur made its first appearance in Sumerian / Akkadian mythology during the epic of Ninurta.

He suggested similarities with other measurements such as the ancient Indian gaz and the Sumerian šu-du3-a.

The " Mistress of the animals ", later called Artemis, who was the first nymph, may be identified as the Minoan Britomartis, and has similar functions with the Sumerian Ninhursag.

Although very long spears had been used since the dawn of organized warfare ( notably illustrated in art showing Sumerian and Minoan warriors and hunters ), the earliest recorded use of a pike-like weapon in the tactical method described above involved the Macedonian sarissa, used by the troops of Alexander the Great's father, Philip II of Macedon, and successive dynasties, which dominated warfare for several centuries in many countries.

Frequently, efforts to look for deeper linguistic origins of these languages will also attempt to integrate them into attested extinct languages of Europe, such as the Etruscan language of Northern Italy, the Ligurian language of Italy, the Lemnian language of the Aegean Island of Lemnos, the Minoan language aka Linear A of ancient Crete, the Sumerian language once spoken in Mesopotamia ( which is the oldest attested written language ), the language of the Indus River Valley civilization, the Elamite language of Iran, and the Hurrian language and Hattic language of Anatolia.

These include: field archaeology, glyphic art, cuneiform law, the Amarna letters, the Bible, Hebrew language, Ugaritic, Aramaic magic bowls, Nuzi tablets, Minoan Linear A, Homer, Egyptology, Coptic, Hittite, Hurrian, Sumerian, and Classical Arabic.