Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC ( the exact dating being a matter of debate ).

In later Assyrian and Babylonian texts, the name Akkad, together with Sumer, appears as part of the royal title, as in the Sumerian LUGAL KI. EN. GIR < sup > KI </ sup > URU < sup > KI </ sup > or Akkadian Šar māt Šumeri u Akkadi, translating to " king of Sumer and Akkad ".

During the Akkadian period, the Akkadian language became the lingua franca of the Middle East, and was officially used for administration, although the Sumerian language remained as a spoken and literary language.

The Sumerian King List, describing the Akkadian Empire after the death of Shar-kali-shari, states:

One strategy adopted by both Sargon and Naram-Sin, to maintain control of the country, was to install their daughters, Enheduanna and Emmenanna respectively, as high priestess to Sin, the Akkadian version of the Sumerian moon deity, Nanna, at Ur, in the extreme south of Sumer ; to install sons as provincial ensi governors in strategic locations ; and to marry their daughters to rulers of peripheral parts of the Empire ( Urkesh and Marhashe ).

The influence of Sumerian on Akkadian ( and vice versa ) is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a massive scale, to syntactic, morphological, and phonological convergence.

This has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the third millennium as a sprachbund.

Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC ( the exact dating being a matter of debate ), but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the 1st century AD.

Sumerian literature continued in rich development during the Akkadian period ( a notable example being Enheduanna ).

She thereby unites the warlike Akkadian Ishtar's qualities to those of the gentler Sumerian goddess of love and fecundity.

The influence of Sumerian on Akkadian ( and vice versa ) is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a massive scale, to syntactic, morphological, and phonological convergence.

This has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the third millennium as a sprachbund.

Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as the spoken language of Mesopotamia somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC ( the exact dating being a matter of debate ), but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the 1st century AD.

The ancient Assyrians also used the Sumerian language in their literature and liturgy, although to a more limited extent in the Middle-and Neo-Assyrian periods, when Akkadian became the main literary language.

The oldest known dictionaries were Akkadian Empire cuneiform tablets with bilingual Sumerian – Akkadian wordlists, discovered in Ebla ( modern Syria ) and dated roughly 2300 BCE .< ref name = " imlqdg ">

Enlil ( nlin ), ( EN = Lord + LÍL = Storm, " Lord ( of the ) Storm ") was the name of a chief deity listed and written about in Sumerian religion, and later in Akkadian, Hittite, Canaanite and other Mesopotamian clay and stone tablets.

The Elamite, Akkadian, and possibly Sumerian forms are from an unrecorded substrate language.

Enki () or Enkil ( Sumerian: ) is a god in Sumerian mythology, later known as Ea in Akkadian and Babylonian mythology.

Several parallel animal fables in Sumerian and Akkadian are among those that Erich Ebeling introduced to modern Western readers ; there are comparable fables from Egypt's Middle Kingdom, and Hebrew fables such as the " king of trees " in Book of Judges 9: 8-15 and " the thistle and the cedar tree " in II Kings 14: 9.

In the past the favoured derivation of the name " Eden " was from the Akkadian edinnu, itself derived from a Sumerian word meaning " plain " or " steppe ", but it is now believed to be more closely related to an Aramaic root meaning " fruitful, well-watered.

A collection of immense importance, the holdings of Assyrian, Babylonian and Sumerian antiquities are among the most comprehensive in the world with entire suites of rooms panelled in alabaster bas-reliefs from highly important sites between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris and include the biblical cities of Nimrud, Nineveh and Khorsabad.

Parallels to the earliest Babylonian ( Sumerian ) star catalogues suggest that the ancient Chinese system did not arise independently from that of the Ancient Near East.

Successively ruled by the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian, Medo-Persian, Seleucid and Parthian empires during the Iron Age and Classical Antiquity, Iraq was

The Babylonian ( and Assyrian ) culture was a synthesis of Akkadian and Sumerian culture.

A considerable amount of Babylonian literature was translated from Sumerian originals, and the language of religion and law long continued to be the old agglutinative language of Sumer.

* It lists many Assyrian / Babylonian and Sumerian star names recovered by archaeology, and some of these ( e. g. Sargas and Nunki ) have come into general use.

The earlier Akkadian and Sumerian traditions played a major role in Babylonian ( and Assyrian ) culture, and the region would remain an important cultural center, even under protracted and lengthy periods of outside rule.

A considerable amount of Babylonian literature was translated from Sumerian originals, and the language of religion and law long continued to be the old agglutinative language of Sumer.

It spanned several civilizations ; from Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian, and Babylonian.

Sumer ( from Akkadian ; Sumerian, approximately " land of the civilized kings " or " native land "< ref group =" note "> means " native, local ", in some contexts is " noble "( ĝir NATIVE ( 7x: Old Babylonian ) from The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary ).

Both novels deal with an almost " primitive tech " replacing a current, worldwide use technology, in the sense of the reprogramming of the mind through ancient Sumerian chanting in Snow Crash ( which also uses allusions to Babylonian prostitutes passing an information virus like a sexually transmitted disease ), and the idea of nanotechnology propagating and communicating through sexual intercourse, passing from body to body like a virus.

The Dynastic Chronicle ( ABC 18 ) is a Babylonian king list written on six columns, beginning with entries for the antideluvian Sumerian rulers.

The Sumerian / Babylonian word " šár " was one of the ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement and as a number appears to have had a value of 3600.

Babylonian scribes concentrated their schooling on learning how to write both Akkadian and Sumerian, in cuneiform, for the purposes of accountancy and contract dealings, in addition to interpersonal discourse and mathematical documentations.

Ishtar ( pronounced ; Transliteration: < sup > D </ sup > IŠTAR ; Akkadian: DINGIR INANNA ; Sumerian ) is the Assyrian and Babylonian goddess of fertility, war, love, and sex.

Mesopotamian religion refers to the religious beliefs and practices followed by the Sumerian and Akkadian ( Assyrian / Babylonian ) peoples living in Mesopotamia ( around the area of modern Iraq ) that dominated the region for a period of 4200 years from the fourth millennium BC to proximately the 3rd century AD.

A considerable amount of Babylonian literature was translated from Sumerian originals, and the language of religion and law long continued to be the old agglutinative language of Sumer.

Under the Seleucids, Greek was introduced into Babylon, and fragments of tablets have been found with Sumerian and Assyrian ( i. e. Semitic Babylonian ) words transcribed into Greek letters.

One of the most famous of these was the Epic of Gilgamesh, which first appears in Akkadian during the Old Babylonian period as a circa 1, 000 line epic known by its incipit, šūtur eli šarrī, ‘‘ Surpassing all other kings ,’’ which incorporated some of the stories from the five earlier Sumerian Gilgamesh tales.

The standard Babylonian version, ša naqba īmeru, ‘‘ He who saw the deep ,’’ contains up to 3, 000 lines on eleven tablets and a prose meditation on the fate of man on the twelfth which was virtually a word-for-word translation of the Sumerian “ Bilgames and the Netherworld .” It is extant in 73 copies and was credited to a certain Sîn-lēqi-unninni and arranged upon an astronomical principle.

Marduk ( Sumerian spelling in Akkadian: AMAR. UTU " solar calf "; perhaps from MERI. DUG ; Biblical Hebrew Merodach ; Greek, Mardochaios ) was the Babylonian name of a late-generation god from ancient Mesopotamia and patron deity of the city of Babylon, who, when Babylon became the political center of the Euphrates valley in the time of Hammurabi ( 18th century BCE ), started to slowly rise to the position of the head of the Babylonian pantheon, a position he fully acquired by the second half of the second millennium BCE.