The form Agade appears in Sumerian, for example in the Sumerian King List ; the later Assyro-Babylonian form Akkadû (" of or belonging to Akkad ") was likely derived from this.

The first known mention of the city of Akkad is in an inscription of Enshakushanna of Uruk, where he claims to have defeated Agade — indicating that it was in existence well before the days of Sargon of Akkad, whom the Sumerian King List claims to have built it.

Manishtushu's son and successor, Naram-Sin ( 2254 – 2218 BC ) ( Beloved of Sin ), assumed the imperial title " King Naram-Sin, king of the four quarters ( Lugal Naram-Sîn, Šar kibrat ' arbaim )", and, like his grandfather, was addressed as " the god ( Sumerian

The Sumerian King List, describing the Akkadian Empire after the death of Shar-kali-shari, states:

Adapa, the first man fashioned, later goes and acts as the advisor to the King of Eridu, when in the Sumerian Kinglist, the " Me " of " kingship descends on Eridu ".

* Control of the " holy " city of Nippur and its temple priesthood generally meant hegemony over most of Sumer, as listed on the Sumerian King List ; at one point, the Nippur priesthood conferred the title of queen of Sumer on Kugbau, a popular taverness from nearby Kish ( who was later deified as Kubaba ).

Concerning the earlier centuries, the Sumerian King List provides a tentative political history of ancient Sumer.

So far evidence for the earliest periods of the Early Bronze Age in Mesopotamia is very limited. Mesh-Ane-pada is the first king mentioned in the Sumerian King List, and appears to have lived in the 26th century BC.

The Sumerian King List is an ancient manuscript originally recorded in the Sumerian language, listing kings of Sumer ( ancient southern Iraq ) from Sumerian and neighboring dynasties, their supposed reign lengths, and the locations of " official " kingship.

The following extant ancient sources contain the Sumerian King List, or fragments:

In 1869, Oppert proposed the name " Sumerian ", based on the known title " King of Sumer and Akkad ", reasoning that if Akkad signified the Semitic portion of the kingdom, Sumer might describe the non-Semitic annex.

Other Sumerian texts showed that kings were to be married to Inanna in a sacred marriage, for example a hymn that describes the sacred marriage of King Iddid-Dagan ( ca 1900 BCE ).

These dynasties are not found on the Sumerian King List, although one extremely fragmentary supplement has been found in Sumerian, known as the rulers of Lagash.

The standard ancient Sumerian King List ( WB 444 ) lists various mythical antediluvian kings and gives them reigns of several tens of thousands of years.

The " flood " described in the Sumerian King List, is believed to have a historical basis, and has been dated 2900 BC.

A comparison and contrast of " longevity in antiquity " ( such as the Sumerian King List, the genealogies of Genesis, and the Persian Shahnameh ) with " longevity in historical times " ( common-era cases through twentieth-century news reports ) is elaborated in detail in Lucian Boia's 2004 book Forever Young: A Cultural History of Longevity from Antiquity to the Present and other sources.

Age claims for the earliest eight Sumerian kings in the major recension of the Sumerian King List were in units and fractions of shar ( 3, 600 years ) and totaled 67 shar or 241, 200 years.

One of the earliest mentions of an incubus comes from Mesopotamia on the Sumerian King List, ca.

This makes the Chronology of the ancient Near East very difficult to reconstruct, based on disparate and scattered king lists, such as the Sumerian King List or the Babylonian Canon of Kings.

* Samuel Noah Kramer, Gilgamesh and the Huluppu-Tree: A reconstructed Sumerian Text.

One of the most famous of these was the Epic of Gilgamesh, in twelve books, translated from the original Sumerian by a certain Sin-liqe-unninni, and arranged upon an astronomical principle.

The earliest Sumerian Gilgamesh poems date from as early as the Third dynasty of Ur ( 2100 – 2000 BC ).

Poetry has a long history, dating back to the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh.

One of the most famous of these was the Epic of Gilgamesh, in twelve books, translated from the original Sumerian by a certain Sin-liqi-unninni, and arranged upon an astronomical principle.

One of the most famous of these was the Epic of Gilgamesh, which first appears in Akkadian during the Old Babylonian period as a circa 1, 000 line epic known by its incipit, šūtur eli šarrī, ‘‘ Surpassing all other kings ,’’ which incorporated some of the stories from the five earlier Sumerian Gilgamesh tales.

Deucalion is parallel to Biblical Noah and to Utnapishtim, the survivor of the Sumerian flood that is told in the Epic of Gilgamesh.

The literary history of Gilgamesh begins with five independent Sumerian poems about ' Bilgamesh ' ( Sumerian for Gilgamesh ), king of Uruk.

Tablet 12 is a near copy of an earlier Sumerian tale, a prequel, in which Gilgamesh sends Enkidu to retrieve some objects of his from the Underworld, and he returns in the form of a spirit to relate the nature of the Underworld to Gilgamesh.

Just before a break in the text there is a suggestion that a river is being dammed, indicating a burial in a river bed, as in the corresponding Sumerian poem, The Death of Gilgamesh.

This tablet is mainly an Akkadian translation of an earlier Sumerian poem, Gilgamesh and the Netherworld ( also known as " Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld " and variants ), although it has been suggested that it is derived from an unknown version of that story.

There are five extant Gilgamesh poems in Sumerian.

* Translations of the legends of Gilgamesh in the Sumerian language can be found in Black, J. A., Cunningham, G., Fluckiger-Hawker, E, Robson, E., and Zólyomi, G., The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, Oxford 1998 –.

The semi-mythical king Gilgamesh, according to the chronology presented in the Sumerian king list, ruled Uruk in the 27th century BC.

The Chronicle lists successive early Sumerian rulers who kept up intermittent ceremonies at the temple: Aga of Kish, son of Enmebaragesi ; Mesannepada of Ur ; his son Meskiang-nunna ; Gilgamesh of Uruk ; his son Ur-Nungal ; Nanni of Ur and his son Meskiang-nanna.

Ziusudra being a king from Shuruppak is supported by the Gilgamesh XI tablet ( see below ) making reference to Utnapishtim ( Akkadian translation of the Sumerian name Ziusudra ) with the epithet " man of Shuruppak " at line 23.

The Sumerian word KUR in line 140 of the Gilgamesh flood myth was interpreted to mean " mountain " in Akkadian, although in Sumerian, KUR did not mean " mountain " but rather " land ", especially a foreign country.

In the movie The Mole People ( 1956 ), some explorers find an ancient Sumerian people living underneath a mountain, and the people think that Ishtar has sent the explorers.

In the eleventh tablet of the Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Utnapishtim " the faraway " is the wise king of the Sumerian city state of Shuruppak who, along with his unnamed wife, survived a flood sent by Enlil to drown every living thing on Earth.

The ultimate source is the Sumerian word gamun.

In the epic Enki and Ninhursag, Enki, as lord of Ab or fresh water ( also the Sumerian word for semen ), is living with his wife in the paradise of Dilmun where

In the past the favoured derivation of the name " Eden " was from the Akkadian edinnu, itself derived from a Sumerian word meaning " plain " or " steppe ", but it is now believed to be more closely related to an Aramaic root meaning " fruitful, well-watered.

The Sumerian word for universe is an-ki, which refers to the god An and the goddess Ki.

* The Sumerian word NIN, EREŠ in Akkadian, is the sign for " lady.

Although Habiru ( a Sumerian ideogram glossed as " brigand " in Akkadian ), and sometimes ( an Akkadian word ) had been reported in Mesopotamia from the reign of the Sumerian king, Shulgi of Ur III, their appearance in Canaan appears to have been due to the arrival of a new state based in Asia Minor to the north of Assyria based upon Maryannu aristocracy of horse drawn charioteers, associated with the Indo-Aryan rulers of the Hurrians, known as Mitanni.

This novel word order is due to the influence of the Sumerian substratum, which has an SOV order.

In Sumerian, the single word kur had two meanings: ' hill ' and ' country '.

The word also appears in Sumerian texts ; for instance, in the lost book, when Enki tells his master scribe ( Edubsar ) to write down all that he says, the text mentions a stylus of electrum with a crystal at the tip that glowed.

Depending on the context, a cuneiform sign can be read either as one of several possible logograms, each of which corresponds to a word in the Sumerian spoken language, as a phonetic syllable ( V, VC, CV, or CVC ), or as a determinative ( a marker of semantic category, such as occupation or place ).

The Sumerian / Babylonian word " šár " was one of the ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement and as a number appears to have had a value of 3600.

Dossein compares Κάβειροι to the Sumerian word kabar, copper.

That word may come from the Central Semitic word * kittan, the Akkadian words kitû or kita ’ um, meaning flax or linen, and the Sumerian word gada or gida.

The Sumerian pentagrams served as pictograms for the word " UB " meaning " corner, angle, nook ; a small room, cavity, hole ; pitfall ", suggesting something very similar to the pentemychos ( see below on the Pythagorean use for what pentemychos means ).

The Greek word " khitōn " can be traced to the Central Semitic word "* kittan ", which is from the Akkadian words " kitû " or " kita ’ um ", meaning flax or linen, and originally the Sumerian word " gada " or " gida ".

The Hebrew word shekel is based on the verbal root for " weighing " ( sh. q. l ), and is derived from the Akkadian šiqlu or siqlu, a unit of weight equivalent to the Sumerian gin2.

Ma is a Sumerian word meaning " land " that in Sumerian mythology was also used to designate the primeval land.