These books, together with Nevi ' im and Ketuvim are known as Torah Shebikhtav as opposed to the Oral Torah, which refers to the Mishna and the Talmud.

The Talmud refers to these differing versions as Mishnah Rishonah (" First Mishnah ") and Mishnah Acharonah (" Last Mishnah ").

The word " Talmud ", when used without qualification, usually refers to the Babylonian Talmud.

A page number in the Talmud refers to a double-sided page, known as a daf ; each daf has two amudim labeled and, sides A and B ( Recto and Verso ).

In contrast, the Talmud ( tractate Berachoth 61b ) refers to the spleen as the organ of laughter while possibly suggesting a link with the humoral view of the organ.

This theory notes a passage in the Talmud which refers to " a star which appears once in seventy years that makes the captains of the ships err.

If, as has been suggested, the reference in the Talmud to " a star which appears once in seventy years that makes the captains of the ships err " ( see above ) refers to Halley's Comet, it may be a reference to the 66 CE appearance, because this passage is attributed to the Rabbi Yehoshua ben Hananiah.

(" Bavli ") By convention, a reference to the " Gemara " or " Talmud ," without further qualification, refers to the Babylonian version.

This chain of tradition includes the interpretation of unclear statements in the Bible ( e. g. that the " fruit of a beautiful tree " refers to a citron as opposed to any other fruit ), the methods of textual exegesis ( the disagreements recorded in the Mishna and Talmud generally focus on methods of exegesis ), and Laws with Mosaic authority that cannot be derived from the Biblical text ( these include measurements ( e. g. what amount of an non-kosher food must one eat to be liable ), the amount and order of the scrolls to be placed in the phylacteries, etc.

In the Talmud itself, the singular amora generally refers to a lecturer's assistant ; the lecturer would state his thoughts briefly, and the amora would then repeat them aloud for the public's benefit, adding translation and clarification where needed.

Although the word " Torah " refers specifically to the Five Books of Moses, in Judaism the word also refers to the Tanakh ( Hebrew Bible ), the Talmud and other religious works, even including the study of Kabbalah, Hasidism, Mussar and much more.

Whilst Rebbe is a term that refers to many leaders of Jewry, ' Rebbe ' or ' Rebbi ' when mentioned in the Talmud is a reference to the redactor of the Mishna, Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi.

There are numerous mentions of the word " ochlos " in the Talmud ( where " ochlos " refers to anything from " mob ," " populace " to " armed guard "), as well as in Rashi, a Jewish commentary on the Bible.

Most scholars hold that Jesus lived in Galilee and Judea The Talmud refers to " Jesus the Nazarene " several times and scholars such as Andreas Kostenberger and Robert Van Voorst hold that some of these references are to Jesus .. Nazareth is not mentioned in the Hebrew Bible and the Christian gospels portray it as an insignificant village, John 1: 46 asking " Can any good thing come out of Nazareth?

Van Voorst states that although the question of who was referred to in various points in the Talmud remains subject to debate among scholars, in the case of Sanhedrin 43a ( generally considered the most important reference to Jesus in rabbinic literature ), Jesus can be confirmed as the subject of the passage, not only from the reference itself, but from the context that surrounds it, and there is little doubt that it refers to the death of Jesus of Nazareth.

Peter Schäfer states that there can be no doubt that the narrative of the execution of Jesus in the Talmud refers to Jesus of Nazareth, but states that the rabbinic literature in question are not Tannaitic but from a later Amoraic period and may have drawn on the Christian gospels, and may have been written as responses to them.

Halivni terms the anonymous texts of the Talmud as having been said by Stammaim ( based on the phrase " stama d ' talmuda " which refers to the anonymous material in the Gemara ), placing them after the period of the Amoraim, but before the Geonic period.

Flusser takes this as evidence of the term being a name ; however, the standard text of the Jerusalem Talmud refers to one of the numerous Rabbi Yehoshuas of the Talmud and moreover the fragment has the latter name at other points in the text.

" One opinion in the Talmud ( b. Rosh Hashana 18b ) states that the " fast of the tenth month " refers to the fifth of Tevet, when, according to Ezekiel (), news of the destruction of the Temple reached those already in exile in Babylon.

In the Talmud, " ger " is used in two senses: ger tzedek refers to a " righteous convert ", a proselyte to Judaism, and ger toshav, a non-Jewish inhabitant of the Land of Israel who observes the Seven Laws of Noah and has repudiated all links with idolatry.

The term Mishnaic Hebrew refers to the Hebrew dialects found in the Talmud, excepting quotations from the Hebrew Bible.

Also, according to the Talmud Yerushalmi, David was born and died on the Jewish holiday of Shavuot ( Feast of Weeks ).

The Talmud, in Tractate Sukkah 48a, describes Shemini Atzeret with the words " a holiday in its own right " (, regel bifnei atzmo ) with respect to six specific halakhic ( Jewish law ) issues.

The Talmud describes happiness (, simcha ) and recitation of Hallel as the two obligations of Sukkot that carry over to Shemini Atzeret.

Today, Biblical Aramaic, Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialects and the Aramaic language of the Talmud are written in the Hebrew alphabet.

Abba Arikka ( 175 – 247 ) ( Talmudic Aramaic: ; born: Abba bar Aybo, Hebrew: רבי אבא בר איבו ) was a Jewish Talmudist who lived in Sassanid Babylonia, known as an amora ( commentator on the Oral Law ) of the 3rd century who established at Sura the systematic study of the rabbinic traditions, which, using the Mishnah as text, led to the compilation of the Talmud.

In this noble prayer are evinced profound religious feeling and exalted thought, as well as ability to use the Hebrew language in a natural, expressive, and classical manner ( Jerusalem Talmud Rosh Hashanah i. 57a ).

Originally published in modern Hebrew, with a running commentary to facilitate learning, his Steinzaltz edition of the Talmud has also been translated into English, French, Russian and Spanish.

In 1965, he founded the Israel Institute for Talmudic Publications and began his monumental work on the Talmud, including translation into Hebrew, English, Russian, and various other languages.

Steinsaltz completed his Hebrew edition of the entire Babylonian Talmud in November 2010, at which time Koren Publishers Jerusalem became the publisher of all of his works, including the Talmud.

According to the Babylonian Talmud, the difference between a concubine and a full wife was that the latter received a marriage contract ( Hebrew: ketubah ) and her marriage ( nissu ' in ) was preceded by a formal betrothal ( erusin ), neither being the case for a concubine.

The Talmud describes the blind as having " much light " ( Aramaic סגי נהור ) and this phrase — sagee nahor — is the Modern Hebrew for euphemism.

Judaism addresses the end times in the Book of Daniel and numerous other prophetic passages in the Hebrew scriptures, and also in the Talmud, particularly Tractate Avodah Zarah.

According to the Talmud ( Tractate Makot ), there are 613 mitzvot (" commandments ") in the Torah ; in Hebrew these are known as the Taryag mitzvot תרי " ג מצוות.

A second classical distinction is between the Written Torah ( laws written in the Hebrew Bible, specifically its first five books ), and Oral Law, laws believed transmitted orally prior to compilation in texts such as the Mishnah, Talmud, and Rabbinic codes.

A monotheistic religion originating in the Hebrew Bible ( also known as the Tanakh ) and explored in later texts such as the Talmud, Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship God established with the Children of Israel.

Even so, all Jewish religious movements are, to a greater or lesser extent, based on the principles of the Hebrew Bible and various commentaries such as the Talmud and Midrash.

The study of Torah ( in its widest sense, to include both poetry, narrative, and law, and both the Hebrew Bible and the Talmud ) is in Judaism itself a sacred act of central importance.

Rabbinic Judaism ( or in some Christian traditions, Rabbinism ) ( Hebrew: " Yahadut Rabanit "-יהדות רבנית ) has been the mainstream form of Judaism since the 6th century CE, after the codification of the Talmud.

Jacob (;, ; Septuagint ; ; " heel " or " leg-puller "), also later known as Israel (,,, " persevere with God "; Septuagint ; ), as described in the Hebrew Bible, the Talmud, the New Testament and the Qur ' an was the third patriarch of the Hebrew people with whom God made a covenant, and ancestor of the tribes of Israel, which were named after his descendants.

Beruryah ( her name is a standard Jewish female name meaning ' the clarity of God ') is a Tannah mentioned by name in the Talmud, who has a female name, has orally been transmitted as a female, and is referred to in the text using the nekava ( feminine Hebrew and Aramaic ) adjectives and adverbs.

He is famed as the author of a comprehensive commentary on the Talmud, as well as a comprehensive commentary on the Tanakh ( Hebrew Bible ).

Solomon ( Šlomo ;, also colloquially: ; Solomōn ), according to the Book of Kings and the Book of Chronicles, a King of Israel and according to the Talmud one of the 48 prophets, is identified as the son of David, also called Jedidiah ( Hebrew ) in 2 Samuel 12: 25, and is described as the third king of the United Monarchy, and the final king before the northern Kingdom of Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judah split ; following the split his patrilineal descendants ruled over Judah alone.

The Talmud ( Hebrew: " instruction, learning ", from a root " teach, study ") is a central text of mainstream Judaism, considered second to the Torah.

The Talmud has two components: the Mishnah ( Hebrew: משנה, c. 200 CE ), the first written compendium of Judaism's Oral Law, and the Gemara ( c. 500 CE ), an elucidation of the Mishnah and related Tannaitic writings that often ventures onto other subjects and expounds broadly on the Hebrew Bible.

Of the two main components of the Babylonian Talmud, the Mishnah is written in Mishnaic Hebrew and the Gemara is written, with a few exceptions, in a characteristic dialect of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic.