Taoism ( Daoism ) is a philosophy and later also developed into a religion based on the texts the Tao Te Ching ( Dào Dé Jīng ; ascribed to Laozi ) and the Zhuangzi ( partly ascribed to Zhuangzi ).

** Tao Te Ching, attributed to Laozi.

* Wengu text database ( Classic of Poetry, Analects of Confucius, Tao Te Ching, and I Ching, in Chinese and translations )

* Chinese Classics ( James Legge's translations of the Analects of Confucius, the Great Learning, the Doctrine of the Mean, the Works of Mencius and the Tao Te Ching )

# REDIRECT Tao Te Ching

Many more English translations are titled Tao Te Ching than Dao De Jing, making the former spelling more familiar to native speakers.

* Tao Te Ching Pronunciation Guide, True Tao

The Tao Te Ching, Daodejing, or Dao De Jing ( 道德經: 道 dào " way "; 德 dé " virtue "; 經 jīng " classic " or " book ") also simply referred to as the Laozi, is a Chinese classic text.

The Wade – Giles romanization " Tao Te Ching " dates back to early English transliterations in the late 19th century ; its influence can be seen in words and phrases that have become well-established in English.

" Tao Te Ching ", Calligraphy by Gia-Fu Feng

The received Tao Te Ching is a short text of around 5, 000 Chinese characters in 81 brief chapters or sections ().

38 – 81 ), which may have been edited together into the received text, possibly reversed from an original " Te Tao Ching ".

The Tao Te Ching is ascribed to Laozi, whose historical existence has been a matter of scholastic debate.

Generations of scholars have debated the historicity of Laozi and the dating of the Tao Te Ching.

Some Western scholars have expressed doubts over Laozi's historical existence, claiming that the Tao Te Ching is actually a collection of the work of various authors.

Among the many transmitted editions of the Tao Te Ching text, the three primary ones are named after early commentaries.

Wang Bi (, 226 – 249 AD ) was a famous Three Kingdoms period philosopher and commentator on the Tao Te Ching ( tr.

Tao Te Ching scholarship has lately advanced from archeological discoveries of manuscripts, some of which are older than any of the received texts.

They included more than 50 partial and complete " Tao Te Ching " manuscripts.

They included two nearly complete copies of the text, referred to as Text A () and Text B (), both of which reverse the traditional ordering and put the Te Ching section before the Tao Ching, which is why the Henricks translation of them is named " Te-Tao Ching ".

The Guodian Chu Slips comprise about 800 slips of bamboo with a total of over 13, 000 characters, about 2, 000 of which correspond with the Tao Te Ching, including 14 previously unknown verses.

Several recent Tao Te Ching translations ( e. g., Lau 1989, Henricks 1989, Mair 1990, Henricks 2000, Allan and Williams 2000, and Roberts 2004 ) utilize these two versions, sometimes with the verses reordered to synthesize the new finds.

The Tao Te Ching was originally written in zhuànshū calligraphy style.

These famous first lines of the Tao Te Ching state that the Tao is ineffable, i. e., the Tao is nameless, goes beyond distinctions, and transcends language.

It has two parts, the Tao Ching ( 道經 ; chaps.

It could be concluded from an emanationism point of view, that all actions and creations by a deity are simply flows of divine energy ( the flowing Tao in conjunction with qi is often seen as a river ; Dharma ( Buddhism ) the law of nature discovered by Buddha has no beginning or end.

In speech, Tao and Taoism are often pronounced and, reading the Chinese unaspirated lenis (" weak ") as the English voiceless stop consonant.

The active expression of Tao is called Te ( also spelled – and pronounced – De, or even Teh ; often translated with Virtue or Power ; ), in a sense that Te results from an individual living and cultivating the Tao.

The Tao Te Ching or Daodejing, also often called Laozi, is widely regarded to be the most influential Taoist text.

6th century BCE ) was a philosopher of ancient China, best known as the author of the Tao Te Ching ( often simply referred to as Laozi ).

The pragmatism of John Dewey became popular, often through the work of Hu Shi and Tao Xingzhi.

Frequent features of Taoist shrines include the same features as full temples, often including any or all of the following features: gardens, running water or fountains, small burning braziers or candles ( with or without incense ), and copies of Taoist texts such as the Tao Te Ching, Zhuangzi or other texts by Lao Tzu, Chuang Tzu or other Taoist sages.

Her most well-known roles are usually tough, calm, and mature preteen or teenage boys who are often called prodigies in their fictional universes ( for example, Tao Ren, Tōshirō Hitsugaya, Edward Elric, and Natsume Hyūga ).

Another major translation is of the commentaries of the 18th century Taoist sage Liu Yiming, who clearly explains the often impenetrable metaphoric coding of the main Taoist texts dealing with the transformation of consciousness and the fusion of the human mind with the Mind of the Tao.

The Tao also raise black pigs but more often these days pigs are imported from Taiwan for the preference of their softer and less wild tasting meat.

Because of the name, I-Kuan Tao is often assumed to be Taoist, and Taoism does indeed form part of its heritage.

An I-Kuan Tao oil lamp, often found at the center of the shrine, below the effigy of Maitreya.

Major commercial buildings, often erected by European businesses as well as mission schools and other civic groups, also adopted these styles, such as the Raffles Hotel, Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus ( now CHIJMES ), old St Joseph's Institution and old Tao Nan School.

* Feng Tao, Chinese Confucian minister, credited as the first to print the Confucian Classics in 932

A legendary culture hero, Zhang Sanfeng is credited by modern practitioners as having originated the concepts of neijia ( 內家 ); soft, internal martial arts, specifically T ' ai chi ch ' uan, as a result of a Neo-Confucian syncretism of Chán Buddhist Shaolin martial arts with his mastery of Taoist Tao Yin ( neigong ) principles.

Emperor Jing can also be credited for furthering the study of Taoist text after he recognized the Tao Te Ching as a Chinese classic during his rule.

He was particularly credited most in the campaign against Tao, which he led the vanguard in battles to slaughter anyone on his way.

However, his successors -- the final two last kings of this dynasty -- Seqenenre Tao and Kamose are traditionally credited with initiating the final defeat of the Hyksos since they launched the wars of liberation against the foreign Asiatic Hyksos kings.

Seqenenre Tao is credited with starting the opening moves in the war of liberation against the Hyksos, which was ended by his son Ahmose.