The first successful ABM test were conducted by the USSR in 1961, that later deployed a fully operating system defending Moscow in the 1970s ( see Moscow ABM system ).

The DF-5, with range of 10, 000 to 12, 000 km long enough to strike the western US and the USSR, was silo deployed with the first pair in service by 1981 with possibly twenty missiles in service by the late 1990s.

In July 1942, the Allies ' failure to open up a second front resulted in a wave of guerrilla attacks being carried out by communists, with the intention of maximising the number of Germans deployed in the West in order to relieve the USSR.

Similar hyperbolic systems included the British / US Decca Navigator System used in the English Channel area, the US global-wide VLF / Omega Navigation System, and the similar Alpha deployed by the USSR.

It was intended to replace, or augment, the R-12 Dvina ( SS-4 Sandal ) and R-14 Chusovaya ( SS-5 Skean ) missiles deployed from 1958 and 1961 respectively in the USSR and Warsaw Pact states.

In 1963 the service started in Moscow, and by 1970 was deployed in 30 cities across the USSR.

In 1979, the USSR removed the term " Ainu " from the list of living ethnic groups of Russia, an act by which the government proclaimed that the Ainu as an ethnic group was extinct in its territory.

The sites were Moscow for the USSR and Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota, since its Safeguard facility was already under construction, for the US.

By 1987, however, the USSR withdrew its opposition, concluding the SDI posed no threat.

Aided by a massive buildup of Soviet advisors, military personnel, and advanced weaponry during the Cold War, Cuba became a staunch ally of the USSR during Castro's rule, modeling its political structure after that of the CPSU.

In 1989 Gorbachev allowed other political associations ( de facto political parties ) to coexist with the Communist Party and in 1990 obtained the repeal of Article Six of the USSR constitution which gave the party supremacy over all institutions in society, thus ending its vanguard status.

Egyptian president Sadat in 1979 after signing of Camp David peace accord severed military and economic relations with the USSR ( by that time the USSR provided a lot of assistance to Egypt and supported it in all its military operations against Israel ).

Since real political power belongs to the sole legal party, in certain states under Marxist constitutions of the constitutionally socialist state type inspired by the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ) and its constitutive Soviet republics, there was no formal office of head of state, but rather the leader of the legislative branch was considered to be the closest common equivalent of a head of state as a natural person.

SALT II was never ratified by the United States Senate, but its terms were nevertheless honored by both sides until 1986, when the Reagan administration " withdrew " after accusing the USSR of violating the pact.

As a result, the USSR was rapidly transformed from an agrarian society into an industrial power, the basis for its emergence as the world's second largest economy after World War II.

In August 1939, after Stalin's attempts to establish an Anglo-Franco-Soviet Alliance failed, Stalin entered into a pact with Nazi Germany that divided their influence in Eastern Europe and allowed the USSR to regain some of its lost territories.

On 8 May 1984, under Chernenko's leadership, the USSR announced its intention not to participate, citing security concerns and " chauvinistic sentiments and an anti-Soviet hysteria being whipped up in the United States ",.

To train its pilots on the latest combat aircraft, Germany solicited the help of its future enemy, the USSR, which was also isolated in Europe.

After the October Revolution of 1917, Leninism was the dominant version of Marxism in Russia, and then the official state ideology of Soviet democracy ( by workers ’ council ) in the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic ( RSFSR ), before its unitary amalgamation into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ), in 1922.

Due to Mozambique's history, the air force has a history of using former Portuguese aircraft, ever since its setting-up after independence in 1975, supported by Cuba and the USSR.

“ There is no prospect of ever winning Russian cooperation .” Despite its reservations, the 80th Congress implemented Truman ’ s requests, further escalating the Cold War with the USSR.

The USSR and its allies, in contrast, practiced a totalitarian ideology.

Both efforts occurred in large communist countries attempting to modernize their economies, but while China's GDP has grown consistently since the late 1980s ( albeit from a much lower level ), national GDP in the USSR and in many of its successor states fell precipitously throughout the 1990s.

The Potsdam Agreement was the Allied ( UK, US, USSR ) plan of tripartite military occupation and reconstruction of Germany — referring to the German Reich with its pre-war 1937 borders including the former eastern territories — and the entire European Theatre of War territory.

During Poland's communist era the USSR used Pan-Slavism as propaganda tool to justify its control over the country.

Out of the 15 total republics that would make up the USSR, the Russian SFSR was the largest in terms of size, and making up over half of the total USSR population, dominated the union for its entire 69-year history.

While Hitler conquered Poland, France and other countries acting on single front at the start of World War II, the USSR was able to build up its military and regain some of the former territories of the Russian Empire during the Soviet invasion of Poland and the Winter War.

As relations between the US and USSR warmed in the later years of the 1960s, the US first proposed an ABM treaty in 1967.

In the 1950s and 1960s, development began on Anti-Ballistic Missile systems by both the U. S. and USSR ; these systems were restricted by the 1972 ABM treaty.

* Kuliabin A. Semine S. Some of aspects of state national economy evolution in the system of the international economic order .- USSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FAR EAST DIVISION INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMIC & INTERNATIONAL OCEAN STUDIES Vladivostok, 1991

The ranks and insignia of 1943 did not change much until the last days of the USSR ; the contemporary Russian Army uses largely the same system.

Depending on assumptions about the accuracy of the system and the number of missiles it would have to face, between 400 and 3, 600 such satellites would be needed in order to keep enough above the USSR at any one time.

The Soviet Union ( USSR ) was a command economy which already had an economic and legal system allowing the economy and society to be redirected into fighting a total war.

They argue that the economic system of the USSR and its satellite states attempted to go from a natural economy to a planned economy by decree, without passing through the necessary market economy phase of development.

In the US and the USSR, the Messina system was quickly replaced with better systems ( in both cases, based on pulse-position modulation ).

Thirdly, post-Soviet Russia did not inherit a system of state social security and welfare from the USSR.

* Automobile model numbering system in USSR and Russia

* Automobile model numbering system in USSR and Russia

Though the speech was not published in the USSR for a long time, it was a break with the most atrocious practices of the Gulag system ; Solzhenitsyn was aware, however, that the outlines of the system had survived and could be revived and expanded by future leaders.

The Diamant rocket ( Diamant is French for " diamond ") was the first exclusively French expendable launch system and at the same time the first satellite launcher not built by either the USA or USSR.

The on-board TV system was created in international cooperation of the scientific and industrial facilities from the USSR, Hungary, France and Czechoslovakia.

This system was generally adopted by the USSR / Russia and many post-Soviet countries.

Not only did aviation records and achievements become demonstrations of the USSR ’ s technological progress, they also served as legitimization of the socialist system.

* The Soviet republic ( system of government ) implemented in the USSR and other soviet republics.

The USSR championship was held as a round-robin tournament with the exception of the 35th and 58th championships, which were Swiss system tournaments.

According to Robert van Voren, the political abuse of psychiatry in the USSR arose from the concept that people who opposed the Soviet regime were mentally ill ( since there was no logical reason to oppose the sociopolitical system considered the best in the world ).

President Reagan's stated goal was not just to protect the U. S. and its allies, but to also provide the completed system to the USSR, thus ending the threat of nuclear war for all parties.

Some routes are classified as 1A in the winter period ( from late autumn to May ), according to the USSR grading system.

With the rise of Mikhail Gorbachev and his effort to radically alter the Soviet economic and political system from the mid-1980s, the CPUSA finally became estranged from the leadership of the Soviet Union itself ; the USSR cut off major funding to the CPUSA in 1989 due to the CP's opposition to glasnost and perestroika.

USSR legislation fills gaps as the new system is being put in place, and is purely transitional until the Russian parliament can add new laws.