The Kyrgyz state reached its greatest expansion after defeating the Uyghur Khaganate in 840 AD.

Initially signifying only a small coalition of Tiele tribes in Northern China, Mongolia, and the Altay Mountains, it later denoted citizenship in the Uyghur Khaganate.

Finally it was expanded to an ethnicity, whose ancestry originates with the fall of the Uyghur Khaganate in the year 842 AD, which caused Uyghur migration from Mongolia into the Tarim Basin.

The name " Uyghur " reappeared after the Soviet Union took the ninth-century ethnonym, from the Uyghur Khaganate, and reapplied it to all non-nomadic Turkic Muslims of Xinjiang, following a 19th-century proposal from Russian historians that modern-day Uyghurs were descended from the Turpan Kingdom and Kara-Khanid Khanate, which had formed after the dissolution of the Uyghur Khaganate.

There, " Uyghur " was chosen by them as the name of their own ethnic group, although the delegates noted that the modern groups referred to a " Uyghur " were distinct from the old Uyghur Khaganate.

According to Dru Gladney, the modern Uyghur nationality is not directly descended from the old Uyghur Khaganate, in spite of the name.

After the collapse of the Uyghur Khaganate in AD 840, Uyghur resettled from Mongolia to the Tarim Basin, assimilating the Indo-European population, which had previously been driven out of the region by the Xiongnu.

In AD 840, following a famine and civil war, the Uyghur Khaganate was overrun by the Kirghiz, another Turkic people.

Following the collapse of the Uyghur Khaganate, the Uyghurs established kingdoms in present day Gansu and Xinjiang.

( Note that these were separate Turkic tribes and were not the Uyghurs of the Uyghur Khaganate.

And, in 765, Chang ' an was besieged by the alliance of the Tibetan Empire and the Uyghur Khaganate.

* Uyghur Khaganate

It should not be confused with the city of Karabalghasun in Mongolia which was the capital of the Uyghur Khaganate.

* Uyghur Khaganate, or Huihe, a Turkic empire from the mid 8th century to the 9th century

After the decline of the Ilkhanate from 1335 – 1353, the Mongol Empire's legacy in the region was the Uyghur Eretna Dynasty that was overthrown by Kadi Burhan al-Din in 1381.

Golden, considered the Khazars to be connected with a Uyghur or Tiele confederation tribe called He ' san in Chinese sources from the 7th-century ( Suishu, 84 ).

The first kingdom to emerge from the Göktürk khanate was the Buddhist Uyghur Empire that flourished in the territory encompassing most of Central Asia from 740 to 840 AD.

As they became increasingly Persianized they settled in the more Indo-Iranian sedentary centers such as Kashgaria, and became detached from the nomadic traditions of fellow Karluks, many of whom retained cultural elements of the Uyghur Khanate.

Uyghur people | Uyghur Manichaean clergymen, wall painting from the Khocho ruins, 10th / 11th century AD.

In China, where stories of him are well known, he is known by the various transliterations from his Uyghur name, 阿凡提 ( Āfántí ) and 阿方提 ( Āfāngtí ).

However, most Uyghur linguists and historians regard the word as coming from uyughur ( uyushmaq in modern Uyghur language ), literally meaning ' united ' or ' people who tend to come together '.

The earliest record of an Uyghur tribe is from the Northern Wei Dynasty ( 386-534 AD ).

In modern usage, Uyghur refers to settled Turkic urban dwellers and farmers of Kashgaria or Uyghurstan who follow traditional Central Asian sedentary practices, as distinguished from nomadic Turkic populations in Central Asia.

Historians generally agree that the adoption of the term " Uyghur " is based on a decision from a 1921 conference in Tashkent, which was attended by Turkic Muslims from the Tarim Basin ( Xinjiang ).

Henning in 1943 ) were found with the discovery in the twentieth century of the Dead Sea Scrolls in the Judaean Desert and the Manichaean writings of the Uyghur Manichaean kingdom in Turpan.

It was adopted by the Uyghur ruler Khagan Boku Tekin ( AD 759 – 780 ) in 763, and remained the state religion for about a century before the collapse of the Uyghur empire in 840.

Victor Mair has stated that the Uyghur peoples arrived at the Tarim Basin after the Orkon Uighur Kingdom ( present-day Mongolia ) fell around 842 AD.

The first use of Uyghur as a reference to a political nation occurred during the interim period between the First and Second Göktürk Khaganates ( AD 630-684 ).

Uyghur history can be divided into four distinct phases: Pre-Imperial ( 300 BC – AD 630 ), Imperial ( AD 630 – 840 ), Idiqut ( AD 840 – 1200 ), and Mongol ( AD 1209 – 1600 ), with perhaps a fifth modern phase running from the death of the Silk Road in AD 1600 until the present.

Karakhoja, this Uyghur state was the Karakhoja Kingdom ( created during AD 856 – 866 near Turfan ), also called the " Idiqut " (" Holy Wealth, Glory ") state.

The Indo-European language of the Tocharians was supplanted by the Turkic languages of the Uyghur tribes about 800 AD.

The Turkic speaking Yugurs are considered to be the descendants of a group of Uyghurs who fled from Mongolia southwards to Gānsù, after the collapse of the Uyghur Empire in 840 AD, and soon established there a prosperous Ganzhou Kingdom ( 870-1036 AD ) with capital near present Zhangye city on the foots of Nan Shan Mountains in the valley of the Ejin River ( Black River ).

Population of this Kingdom, that was estimated at 300, 000 in Song Dynasty chronicles, practised Manichaeism and Buddhism in numerous temples flourished throughout the country and had forcibly been incorporated into Tangut Kingdom, despite of fierce resistance, after bloody war of 1028 – 1036 AD ( Mahmut Kashgari who lived at the time in Kashgar stated that " Uyghur blood was pouring like a murmuring stream " during this war ).

The decay of Uyghur power in 840 brought the closure of many Manichaean institutions.

The memory of Uyghur occupation could still be seen up until the end of the 19th century due to the application of the name Ondar Uyghur for the Ondar Tuvans living near the Khemchik river in the southwest .< ref ></ br > which cites from Uyghur dominance was broken by the Yeniseian Kyrgyz in 840 AD, who came from the upper reaches of the Yenisei.

After the 840 AD breakup of the Uyghur Kaganate, the Kimeks headed a new political tribal union, creating a new Kimek state.

After the 840 AD breakup of the Uyghur Kaganate, the Central Asian tribes found themselves unattached.

It is a product of the Chinese Islamic cuisine of the Uyghur ( 维吾尔 ) people and other Chinese Muslims.

The cuisine of Xinjiang reflects the region's many ethnic groups and refers particularly to Uyghur cuisine.

These areas include Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, the Turkic regions of southern Siberia, the five republics, and Afghan Turkestan.

He promoted the Uyghur Yulbars Khan to Governor during the Kuomintang Islamic Insurgency in China ( 1950 – 1958 ) for resisting the Communists, even though the government had already evacuated to Taiwan.

During the Ili Rebellion and Peitashan incident, Chiang deployed Hui troops against Uyghur mobs in Turfan, and against Soviet Russian and Mongols at Peitashan.

The Göktürks rise to power began in 546 when Bumin Qaghan made a pre-emptive strike against the Uyghur and Tiele tribes who were planning a revolt against their overlords, the Rouran.

Stalin had a different policy outside the Soviet Union ; he supported the Communist Uyghur Muslim separatists under Ehmetjan Qasim in the Ili Rebellion against the Anti Communist Republic of China regime.

He supplied weapons to the Uyghur Ili army and Red Army support against Chinese forces, and helped them establish the Second East Turkestan Republic of which Islam was the official state religion.

Stalin supported the Turkic Muslims known today as Uyghur in seeking their own state, Second East Turkestan Republic during the Ili Rebellion against the Republic of China.

He backed the Uyghur Communist Muslim leader Ehmetjan Qasim against the anti Communist Chinese Kuomintang forces.

* 2009 – A series of violent riots break out in Ürümqi, the capital city of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in China.

Golden along with M. Artamonov and A. Novoseltsev claimed that the Khazars were a tribal union of Uyghur, Sabir, and some other Central Asian Turkic people.

After the Uyghur empire disintegrated a branch of the Uyghurs migrated to oasis settlements in the Tarim Basin and Gansu, such as Karakhoja ( Gaochang ) and Kumul ( Hami ), and set up a confederation of decentralized Buddhist states called Kara-Khoja.

Masud Sabri, a Uyghur was appointed as Governor of Xinjiang by the Kuomintang, as was the Tatar Burhan Shahidi and the Uyghur Yulbars Khan.

The Kuomintang is anti separatist, and during its rule on mainland China, it crushed Uyghur and Tibetan separatist uprisings.

The Muslim General Ma Hushan pledged alleigance to the Kuomintang and crushed another Uyghur revolt at Charkhlik Revolt.

During the Ili Rebellion, the Kuomintang fought against Uyghur separatists and the Soviet Union, and against Mongolia.

Kashmir ( Balti, Gojri, Poonchi / Chibhali, Dogri: कश ् म ी र ; Kashmiri: क ॅ श ी र, ک ٔ ش ِ یر ; Ladakhi: ཀཤམ ི ར ; Uyghur: ; Shina: کشمیر ) is the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent.