In 1939, the Pope employed a Jewish cartographer, Roberto Almagia, to work on old maps in the Vatican library.

The Apostolic Brief of his appointment, however, came from the new pope, Julius III on 24 May 1550, and he was named not Vatican Librarian, but Bibliothecarius Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae because he was the first Cardinal to be in charge of the library.

Clement X appointed Francesco Lorenzo Brancati di Lauria head of the Vatican library.

Unlike Michelangelo, who had been kept hanging around in Rome for several months after his first summons, Raphael was immediately commissioned by Julius to fresco what was intended to become the Pope's private library at the Vatican Palace.

In 1837 Badham went to Italy, where he occupied himself in the study of ancient manuscripts, in particular those of the Vatican library.

In that year, Angelo Mai discovered in the Ambrosian library at Milan a palimpsest manuscript, on which had been originally written some of Fronto's letters to his imperial pupils and their replies ; four years later Mai found several more sheets from this manuscript in the Vatican.

On his return he took holy orders, and settled in Rome, passing the whole of his time in the library of the Vatican, and in those of the cardinals Passionei and Corsini.

The Christian work, " On The Error of Profane Religions ", is preserved in a Palatine manuscript in the Vatican library.

The library of Pope Julius II in the Vatican has images of sibyls and they are in the pavement of the Siena Cathedral.

Frontonis opera inedita, cum epistolis item ineditis, Antonini Pii, Marci Aurelii, Lucii Veri et Appiani ( 1815 ; new ed., 1823, with more than 100 additional letters found in the Vatican library )

His library was second in size only to the Vatican Library.

The building contains the Papal Apartments, various government offices of the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy See, private and public chapels, Vatican Museums and the Vatican library, including the Borgia Apartment now used to house artworks.

In 1892 when the case for Anne Catherine's beatification was submitted to the Vatican, a number of experts in Germany began to compare and analyze Brentano's original notes from his personal library with the books he had written.

Its great library was removed to Rome and added to the Vatican Library in 1657.

The only known manuscript copy, however, is included in the codex, Reginense Latino 1370, located at Rome in the Vatican library.

The only surviving hand-written manuscript of this work dating back to at least a thousand years is preserved in the pope's library, Bibliotheca Vaticana in Vatican City under " Vaticani arabi ".

The Vatican library has a manuscript life of Frederigo III di Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino, superbly illustrated by Clovio.

The Vatican Apostolic Library (), more commonly called simply the Vatican Library, is the library of the Holy See, currently located in Vatican City.

Starting around 1448, the library moved to the Vatican and a continuous history begins to the present time.

Pope Nicholas V established the library in the Vatican in 1448 by combining some 350 Greek, Latin and Hebrew codices inherited from his predecessors with his own collection and extensive acquisitions, among them manuscripts from the imperial Library of Constantinople.

The Vatican Secret Archives were separated from the library at the beginning of the 17th century ; they contain another 150, 000 items.

Of course, the crowning event that has dramatically upset the traditional pattern of English religious history was the friendly visit paid by Dr. Fisher, then Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury, to the Vatican last December.

Armenia currently has diplomatic relations with 151 sovereign entities ( including the Vatican City and Order of Malta ).

The teaching of the Second Vatican Council on apostolic succession has been summed up as follows:

The Cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name ( once he has been ordained to the Episcopate ) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State.

It has also been used by the Vatican as an alternative to using months named after Roman deities.

In recent times, its teaching has been most notably expressed in the Vatican II council documents Unitatis Redintegratio ( 1964 ), Lumen Gentium ( 1964 ), Nostra aetate ( 1965 ), an encyclical issued by Pope John Paul II: Ut Unum Sint ( 1995 ), and in a document issued by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Dominus Iesus in 2000.

Of Europe's approximately 50 states, Russia is by far the largest by both area and population, taking up 40 % of the continent ( although the country has territory in both Europe and Asia ), while the Vatican City is the smallest.

The Principality of Monaco, which is the world's second smallest nation ( after the Vatican City State ), has a very limited military capability, and would depend entirely upon its larger neighbour, France, for defence in the face of an aggressive world power.

Arising from this misidentification with other women throughout the four Gospels is the "... idea that this Mary was ' the woman who was a sinner ,' or that she was unchaste ", which has not been definitively decided ; the Vatican itself is not yet agreed.

While the Papal Nuncio in Washington, D. C. serves as the Vatican State's ambassador to the U. S. and the ecclesiastical liaison to the American Roman Catholic Church, the Holy See has designated the Papal Nuncio in the Dominican Republic as the ecclesiastical liaison to the Roman Catholic Church in Puerto Rico.

Peter Stanford, a Catholic journalist and writer, wrote, regarding Fatal Silence: the pope, the resistance and the German occupation of Rome ( written by Robert Katz ; ISBN 0-297-84661-2 ; Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003 ): " Vatican still refuses to open all its files from the period – which seems to me to be a conclusive admission of guilt – but Katz has winkled various papers out of God's business address on earth to add to the stash of new information he has uncovered in America in the archives of the Office of Strategic Services.

* The 1870 Dogmatic Constitution Pastor Aeternus of the First Vatican Council reaffirmed that " it has always been necessary for every Church, e. g., the faithful throughout the world — to be in agreement with ( the Roman Church ) because of its preeminent authority " and that consequently the bishop whom the Church in Rome acknowledges as its head " is the successor of blessed Peter, the prince of the apostles, true vicar of Christ, head of the whole Church and father and teacher of all Christian people.

* They say that sedevacantists indulge in the logical fallacy of post hoc ergo propter hoc when they attribute problems that the Church has experienced in the Western world since the reforms of the Second Vatican Council to the reforms themselves rather than to the general decrease in religiosity in the West.

* To rebut the accusation of denying the catholicity and indefectibility of the Church, they say that, between the death of every Pope and the election of his successor, there is a sede vacante period during which there is no visible Head of the Church, and — while mainstream Catholics hold that, according to the dogmatic constitution Pastor aeternus of the First Vatican Council, which speaks of " perpetual successors " in the pontificate, there must be, apart from such transitory periods, a perpetual presence of the Bishop of Rome, not merely of his office — that the absence of a Pope has become a long-term feature of the Church's structure.

The Vatican legal system is rooted in canon law but ultimately is decided by the pope ; the Bishop of Rome as the Supreme Pontiff, " has the fullness of legislative, executive and judicial powers.

The hill has been called the Vatican Hill ( in Latin, Mons Vaticanus ) since long before Christianity existed.

However, according to the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, " The Supreme Pontiff, Sovereign of Vatican City State, has the fullness of legislative, executive, and judicial powers " for Vatican City.

The Vatican has often been accused by critics of being excessively wealthy, as in Avro Manhattan's The Vatican Billions.

Vatican City has no armed forces.

The Vatican has never been involved in war in any major way and has only seen anything close to military action once when it was bombed during World War II.