The non-interventional observational cohort study (" WHI-OS ") observed 93, 000 women drawn from the same national clinical coordinating centers ( many epidemiology studies conducted within this observational component of the WHI ).

The estrogen that was administered in the WHI studies was conjugated equine estrogen ( CEE ).

Alternatives to orally administered CEE and MPA are being increasingly used by women since the termination of the WHI studies.

Dr. David Rubinow, UNC's chair of Psychiatry, and one of two principal investigators on the NIH-funded 5-year study, notes there is a very important difference between the UNC study and the WHI estrogen study.

Among the older postmenopausal women studied as part of the Women's Health Initiative ( WHI ), an orally administered conjugated equine estrogen supplement was found to be associated with an increased risk of dangerous blood clotting.

Based on a review of data from the WHI, on January 8, 2003 the FDA changed the labeling of all estrogen and estrogen with progestin products for use by postmenopausal women to include a new boxed warning about cardiovascular and other risks.

A review of the observational and WHI estrogen trial results describes potential explanations for the conflicting results.

In the estrogen-only trial of WHI, women from 50-59 years taking estrogen had fewer heart attacks, deaths, and adverse events than women taking placebo while women from 70-79 years taking estrogen has more heart attacks, death, and adverse events than women taking placebo.

The WHI Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy Trials were part of the effort to address the high risk of cardiovascular disease in older women.

The estrogen-alone substudy of the WHI reported an increased risk of stroke and deep vein thrombosis ( DVT ) in postmenopausal women 50 years of age or older and an increased risk of dementia in postmenopausal women 65 years of age or older using 0. 625 mg of Premarin conjugated equine estrogens ( CEE ).

On hearing the news about the WHI study, many women discontinued equine estrogens altogether, with or without their doctor's knowledge.

The estrogen-plus-progestin substudy of the WHI reported an increased risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, invasive breast cancer, pulmonary emboli and DVT in postmenopausal women 50 years of age or older and an increased risk of dementia in postmenopausal women 65 years of age or older using PremPro, which is 0. 625 mg of CEE with 2. 5 mg of the progestin medroxyprogesterone acetate ( MPA ).

Many postmenopausal women stopped their hormone replacement in the mid 2000's with the release of results from the WHI and subsequently the incidence of breast cancer was reduced by thousands of women each year.

Recent anxieties about the contribution of progestogens to the increased risk of breast cancer associated with HRT in postmenopausal women such as found in the WHI trials have not spread to progestogen-only contraceptive use in premenopausal women.

It supplies local data which are useful in administration and which can be used as a basis for intensive studies in particular situations.

The nonreactors had been separated into two groups on this assumption with the presumably `` secure '' nonreactors and `` secure '' reactors being used as the groups for comparative personality studies.

high-voltage electrophoresis and paper chromatography were used in preliminary structural studies ; ;

Some more recent studies have used the word anthophyte to describe a group which includes the angiosperms and a variety of fossils ( glossopterids, Pentoxylon, Bennettitales, and Caytonia ), but not the Gnetales.

There have been few studies on how frequent classifiers are used in ASL.

In some studies, this has resulted in a RBE approaching 1, 000 instead of the value used in governmental regulations.

S. A. Hamed Hosseini ( an Australian sociologist and expert in global social movement studies ), argues that the term anti-globalization can be ideal-typically used only to refer to only one ideological vision he detects alongside three other visions ( the anti-globalist, the alter-globalist and the alter-globalization ).

The extracts are generally no longer used to reduce or inhibit tumor growth, for which verifiable results have been found in vitro and in animal studies but not in humans, but instead to improve the patients ' quality of life and to reduce tumor-induced symptoms and the side-effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Three cup anemometers are currently used as the industry standard for wind resource assessment studies.

Nothing approaching this level of detail is available for any other organism, and the information has been used to enable a multitude of studies that would not have been possible without it.

They were used in 18th-century chemical studies for burning materials in closed glass vessels where the products of combustion could be trapped for analysis.

Such studies are often used to determine the genes implicated in a disorder: one might compare microarray data from cancerous epithelial cells to data from non-cancerous cells to determine the transcripts that are up-regulated and down-regulated in a particular population of cancer cells.

The latter criteria are typically used in Europe and other regions while the DSM criteria are used in the USA and other regions, as well as prevailing in research studies.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are likely to be the best choice of pharmacotherapy for many patients with panic disorder, but benzodiazepines are also often used, and some studies suggest that these medications are still used with greater frequency than the SSRIs.

For studies on behavior, ethograms are used.

Historical studies, official accounts, memoirs and textbooks published in the Soviet Union used that depiction of events until the Soviet Union's dissolution.

Depending on the methods used, studies suggest a range of origin between 123 to 73 million years, with diversification occurring within the group 110 to 66 million years ago.

Several brain imaging techniques, such as EEG and fMRI, have been used for physical measures of brain activity in these studies.

* Calcium tungstate ( CaWO < sub > 4 </ sub >) is used in luminous paints, fluorescent lights and in X-ray studies.

Formal programs conducted by universities are often used to build a knowledge base to drive curricula in sociology and community studies.

The study used meta-analysis of over a hundred secondary studies to find some level of effectiveness that was either " proven " or " presumed " to exist.

The index is also used in studies of climate change.

* Computational studies can be used to predict the possibility of so far entirely unknown molecules or to explore reaction mechanisms that are not readily studied by experimental means.

and ( C ) to finance, for not more than three years beyond the end of said period, such activities as are required to correlate, coordinate, and round out the results of studies and research undertaken pursuant to this Act: Provided, That funds available in any one year for research and development may, subject to the approval of the Secretary of State to assure that such activities are consistent with the foreign policy objectives of the United States, be expended in cooperation with public or private agencies in foreign countries in the development of processes useful to the program in the United States: And provided further, That every such contract or agreement made with any public or private agency in a foreign country shall contain provisions effective to insure that the results or information developed in connection therewith shall be available without cost to the United States for the use of the United States throughout the world and for the use of the general public within the United States.

Its Completion thus becomes one of the convenient maturity indicators to include in studies of growth, dietary patterns, and health during adolescence.

This might be said to be an upper- or an upper-middle-class bias, but the Commission published as one of its staff studies a book by Byron S. Hollingshead entitled Who Should Go To College??

Another candidate for one of the first scholars to carry out comparative ethnographic-type studies in person was the medieval Persian scholar Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī in the eleventh century, who wrote about the peoples, customs, and religions of the Indian subcontinent.

The discovery of 26 individuals at one site provides evidence of pack behaviour and allows studies of ontogeny and population biology which are impossible with lesser-known dinosaurs.

Along with tarot divination, astrology is one of the core studies of Western esotericism, and as such has influenced systems of magical belief not only among Western esotericists and Hermeticists, but also belief systems such as Wicca that have borrowed from or been influenced by the Western esoteric tradition.

Geometrically, one studies the Euclidean plane ( 2 dimensions ) and Euclidean space ( 3 dimensions ).

As one of the brightest stars in the sky, Arcturus has been the subject of a number of studies in the emerging field of asteroseismology.

The publication of the first six volumes of the Collected Papers ( 1931 – 35 ), the most important event to date in Peirce studies and one that Cohen made possible by raising the needed funds, did not prompt an outpouring of secondary studies.

Only one species protected by CITES, the Spix's Macaw, has possibly become extinct in the wild as a result of trade since the Convention entered into force ( but see case studies in Hutton and Dickinson and Stiles for further discussion of the role CITES has played in the fate of particular species ).

A number of studies have claimed that the reaction of pain receptors to the hotter ingredients in curries leads to the body's release of endorphins, curry is claimed to be one of the most powerful aphrodisiacs.

*** A physical science – one that studies non-living systems.

*** A biological science – one that studies the role of chemicals and chemical processes in living organisms.

The actual number in Scotland varies considerably — between approximately 350 to 500 due to the use of the term " island dun " for well over one hundred Hebridean examples — a distinction that has created a divide between mainland Scottish crannog and Hebridean islet settlement studies.

He was one of the first to explore the relations between language studies and anthropology.

Comparative psychology also studies animal behaviour, but, as opposed to ethology, is construed as a sub-topic of psychology rather than as one of biology.

For example, there have been a number of epidemiological studies of looking for a relationship between cell phone use and brain cancer development, which have been largely inconclusive, save to demonstrate that the effect, if it exists, cannot be a large one.

* Level II-2: Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case-control analytic studies, preferably from more than one center or research group.

Human evolutionary genetics studies how one human genome differs from the other, the evolutionary past that gave rise to it, and its current effects.

Nearly all modern non-African humans have 1 % to 4 % of their DNA derived from Neanderthal DNA, and this finding is consistent with recent studies indicating that the divergence of some human alleles dates to one Ma, although the interpretation of these studies has been questioned.

It includes citations of scientific studies performed on zombies, details on the sort of preparation one can make to guard against attacks, and historical examples of zombie outbreaks.