The direction of airflow around a model can be determined by tufts of yarn attached to the aerodynamic surfaces.

This mod adds aerodynamic downforce to the physics model, a feature not included in the original physics model.

The model also includes details of applied aerodynamic forces and how they vary.

Under these rules, relevant aircraft systems must be fully simulated, and a comprehensive aerodynamic model is required.

This level does not require an aerodynamic model, but accurate systems modeling is required.

* FAA FFS Level B-Requires three axis motion and a higher-fidelity aerodynamic model than does Level A.

The 1172 cc straight-4 engine from the Ford Ten was fitted for some export markets, including North America, where imports began for model year 1948 ; these cars used the slightly more aerodynamic " three-hole " grille from the 1937-8 Ford Ten 7W, prefacing the 1949 E494A facelift.

The Astra further strengthened its position in the market with an all-new 1984 model that featured an aerodynamic design reminiscent of Ford's larger Sierra.

Firenza " Droopsnoot ", standard road-going version In 1973, Vauxhall acknowledged that their rather dull model range needed a makeover, and developed a radical version of the Firenza, known officially as the High Performance ( HP ) Firenza, but known colloquially as the " droopsnoot " after its dramatically styled aerodynamic nose.

While it can be used with some success on any type of model, it is best for speed models where the reduced aerodynamic drag of the single line is a significant advantage.

In 1989, the base model received a smoother, more aerodynamic front fascia and the model was renamed " LE ".

Chapman chose to use Hickman's aerodynamic design ( with a still respectable today drag coefficient of Cd 0. 29 ) as the basis for the Europa production model ; originally intended to succeed the ageless Lotus 7.

In lieu of wind tunnel testing, Rutan developed the aerodynamic parameters for the VariViggen using a model rigged atop his station wagon, and measuring the forces while driving on empty roads.

However the limited degree of freedom of the tethered model precludes the use of full aerodynamic control.

Even though there have been numerous tweaks to the Tuscan's chassis and suspension, the overall size and appearance of the variants remain virtually identical apart from minor aerodynamic aids to the S model in the form of an undertray in the front and a small boot-lid spoiler on the rear.

In addition, the updated model received stiffer suspension parts from the STI and an aerodynamic package.

Visual changes included new wheels, a slightly different nose shape, a new raised bootlid with a larger integrated spoiler incorporating the third high level brake light ( in the rear window on the original Vanquish ), a Vanquish S badge on the bootlid ( the original Vanquish had no rear model designation ) and the addition of a small front splitter ( although this was mainly done for aerodynamic reasons ).

Like the annual model year change, so-called aerodynamic styling is often meaningless in terms of technical performance.

The first model to be rolled out was the 360 Modena followed later by the 360 Spider and finally as a special edition, the Challenge Stradale: which was the highest performance road-legal version of the 360 produced by the factory, featuring carbon ceramic brakes the Enzo, track tuned suspension, aerodynamic gains, weight reduction, power improvements and revised gearbox software among its track focused brief.

Civilian car production resumed at the Marion facility in 1945 with the new, larger and aerodynamic CC model, designed by the firm of Sundberg & Ferar of Royal Oak, Michigan.

Edging out the Ford Sierra as the 1983 European Car of the Year, the 1983 Audi 100 had a remarkably aerodynamic look, achieving a drag coefficient of 0. 30 for its smoothest base model.

Like previous GT3 models, it is a way for Porsche to homologate aerodynamic features for racing, as well as a starting model for customer racing.

In 1738 The Dutch-Swiss mathematician Daniel Bernoulli published Hydrodynamica, in which he described the fundamental relationship among pressure, density, and velocity ; in particular Bernoulli's principle, which is one method to calculate aerodynamic lift.

Sir George Cayley is credited as the first person to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight — weight, lift, drag, and thrust — and the relationships between them.

At low speeds, the compressibility of air is not significant in relation to aircraft design, but as the airflow nears and exceeds the speed of sound, a host of new aerodynamic effects become important in the design of aircraft.

From a strictly aerodynamic point of view, the term should refer only to those side-effects arising as a result of the changes in airflow from an incompressible fluid ( similar in effect to water ) to a compressible fluid ( acting as a gas ) as the speed of sound is approached.

The foundation of aerodynamic prediction is the continuity assumption.

The shuttlecock ( or shuttle ) is a feathered projectile whose unique aerodynamic properties cause it to fly differently than the balls used in most racquet sports ; in particular, the feathers create much higher drag, causing the shuttlecock to decelerate more rapidly than a ball.

As well as achieving maximum momentum in the discus on throwing, the discus ' distance is also determined by the trajectory the thrower imparts, as well as the aerodynamic behavior of the discus.

Engine noise is a particularly large component of mobile source noise for vehicles operating at lower speeds, where aerodynamic and tire noise is less significant.

Electronic fly-by-wire systems can respond flexibly to changing aerodynamic conditions, by tailoring flight control surface movements so that aircraft response to control inputs is appropriate to flight conditions.

If the fluid is air, the force is called an aerodynamic force.

When there is no flow, there is no lift and the aerodynamic forces acting on the airfoil are zero.

The flow downstream of the airfoil is deflected downward from the free-stream direction and, from the reasoning above in the basic explanation, there is now a net pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces and an aerodynamic force is generated.

While the exposure of the wheels to the airstream causes a very high aerodynamic drag at high speeds, it allows improved cooling of the brakes, which is important on road courses with their frequent changes of pace.

There are currently two main theories as to how vibration of the vocal folds is initiated: the myoelastic theory and the aerodynamic theory.

The aerodynamic theory is based on the Bernoulli energy law in fluids.

During a rocket launch, as the vehicle speed increases, and the atmosphere thins, there is a point of maximum aerodynamic drag called Max Q.

The force on the sail is mostly aerodynamic drag, and sails acting in this way are aerodynamically stalled.

When sailing downwind, the sails no longer generate aerodynamic lift and airflow is stalled, with the wind push on the sails giving drag only.

As the boat is going downwind, the apparent wind is less than the true wind and this, allied to the fact that the sails are not producing aerodynamic lift, serves to limit the downwind speed.