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The algorithm was named after Nicholas Metropolis, who was an author along with Arianna W. Rosenbluth, Marshall N. Rosenbluth, Augusta H. Teller, and Edward Teller of the 1953 paper Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines which first proposed the algorithm for the specific case of the Boltzmann distribution ; and W. Keith Hastings, who extended it to the more general case in 1970.
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algorithm and was
He was highly influential in the development of computer science, giving a formalisation of the concepts of " algorithm " and " computation " with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general purpose computer.
In 2002, a theoretical attack, termed the " XSL attack ", was announced by Nicolas Courtois and Josef Pieprzyk, purporting to show a weakness in the AES algorithm due to its simple description .< ref >
ALGOL ( short for ALGOrithmic Language ) is a family of imperative computer programming languages originally developed in the mid 1950s which greatly influenced many other languages and was the standard method for algorithm description used by the ACM, in textbooks, and academic works for the next 30 years and more.
He also was the original author of rzip, which uses a similar algorithm to rsync.
In 1929, Mojżesz Presburger showed that the theory of natural numbers with addition and equality ( now called Presburger arithmetic in his honor ) is decidable and gave an algorithm that could determine if a given sentence in the language was true or false.
Image showing shock waves from NASA's X-43A hypersonic research vehicle in flight at Mach 7, generated using a computational fluid dynamics algorithm. On September 30, 1935 an exclusive conference was held in Rome with the topic of high velocity flight and the possibility of breaking the sound barrier.
A notable example was Phil Katz's PKARC ( and later PKZIP, using the same ". zip " algorithm that WinZip and other popular archivers now use ); also other concepts of software distribution like freeware, postcardware like JPEGview and donationware like Red Ryder for the Macintosh first appeared on BBS sites.
But the study of these curves was first developed in 1959 by mathematician Paul de Casteljau using de Casteljau's algorithm, a numerically stable method to evaluate Bézier curves.
The basic search procedure was proposed in two seminal papers in the early 60s ( see references below ) and is now commonly referred to as the Davis – Putnam – Logemann – Loveland algorithm (" DPLL " or " DLL ").
Huffman coding is the most known algorithm for deriving prefix codes, so prefix codes are also widely referred to as " Huffman codes ", even when the code was not produced by a Huffman algorithm.
A simple Internet search finds millions of sequences in HTML pages for which the algorithm to replace an ampersand by the corresponding character entity reference was probably applied repeatedly.
As of 2002, an asymmetric key length of 1024 bits was generally considered the minimum necessary for the RSA encryption algorithm.
It was then analyzed by researchers in the company, and signal processing expert John Platt designed an improved version of the algorithm.
What amounts to an algorithm for solving this problem was described by Aryabhata ( 6th century ; see ).
Developed in the early 1970s at IBM and based on an earlier design by Horst Feistel, the algorithm was submitted to the National Bureau of Standards ( NBS ) following the agency's invitation to propose a candidate for the protection of sensitive, unclassified electronic government data.
This time, IBM submitted a candidate which was deemed acceptable — a cipher developed during the period 1973 – 1974 based on an earlier algorithm, Horst Feistel's Lucifer cipher.
The suspicion was that the algorithm had been covertly weakened by the intelligence agency so that they — but no-one else — could easily read encrypted messages.
Another theoretical attack, linear cryptanalysis, was published in 1994, but it was a brute force attack in 1998 that demonstrated that DES could be attacked very practically, and highlighted the need for a replacement algorithm.
Now there was an algorithm to study.
It was noted by Biham and Shamir that DES is surprisingly resistant to differential cryptanalysis, in the sense that even small modifications to the algorithm would make it much more susceptible.
A divide and conquer algorithm for triangulations in two dimensions is due to Lee and Schachter which was improved by Guibas and Stolfi and later by Dwyer.
The original algorithm was described only for natural numbers and geometric lengths ( real numbers ), but the algorithm was generalized in the 19th century to other types of numbers, such as Gaussian integers and polynomials in one variable.
algorithm and named
The AVL tree is named after its two Soviet inventors, G. M. Adelson-Velskii and E. M. Landis, who published it in their 1962 paper " An algorithm for the organization of information.
The algorithm, named after its inventor, Jay Earley, is a chart parser that uses dynamic programming ; it is mainly used for parsing in computational linguistics.
The algorithm that is taught in high school was named for Gauss only in the 1950s as a result of confusion over the history of the subject.
The use of a metasyntactic variable is helpful in freeing a programmer from creating a logically named variable, which is often useful when creating or teaching examples of an algorithm.
This first version included a symmetric-key algorithm that Zimmermann had designed himself, named BassOmatic after a Saturday Night Live sketch.
In the very first version of PGP, an encryption algorithm was given the humorous name BassOmatic ( after a skit on Saturday Night Live ) and Pretty Good Privacy itself is named after a Lake Wobegon fictional grocery store named " Ralph's Pretty Good Grocery ".
Edsger Dijkstra invented the shunting-yard algorithm to convert infix expressions to postfix ( RPN ), so named because its operation resembles that of a railroad shunting yard.
The original author later produced a new version of the algorithm, which he named Double Metaphone.
Shor's algorithm, named after mathematician Peter Shor, is a quantum algorithm ( an algorithm which runs on a quantum computer ) for integer factorization formulated in 1994.
They named the algorithm " Digitar " synthesis, as an abbreviation for " digital guitar ".
The Ford – Fulkerson method ( named for L. R. Ford, Jr. and D. R. Fulkerson ) is an algorithm which computes the maximum flow in a flow network.
They thus named the new algorithm in Kleene star syntax to be the algorithm that starts with A and includes all possible version numbers or A *.
* Nicholas Metropolis – The physicist after whom the algorithm is named
In the 1980s, Dr Charles Forgy developed a successor to the Rete algorithm named Rete II.
The filter is named after Hungarian émigré Rudolf E. Kálmán, though Thorvald Nicolai Thiele and Peter Swerling developed a similar algorithm earlier.
The algorithm is named after its developers, Richard Bellman and Lester Ford, Jr.
When the input data to an algorithm is too large to be processed and it is suspected to be notoriously redundant ( e. g. the same measurement in both feet and meters ) then the input data will be transformed into a reduced representation set of features ( also named features vector ).
The Risch algorithm, named after Robert Henry Risch, is an algorithm for the calculus operation of indefinite integration ( i. e., finding antiderivatives ).
algorithm and after
So there is a short non-halting algorithm whose output converges ( after finite time ) onto the first n bits of Omega.
Although a digital filter can be an IIR filter if the algorithm implementing it includes feedback, it is also possible to easily implement a filter whose impulse truly goes to zero after N time steps ; this is called a finite impulse response ( FIR ) filter.
This is a divide and conquer algorithm that recursively breaks down a DFT of any composite size N = N < sub > 1 </ sub > N < sub > 2 </ sub > into many smaller DFTs of sizes N < sub > 1 </ sub > and N < sub > 2 </ sub >, along with O ( N ) multiplications by complex roots of unity traditionally called twiddle factors ( after Gentleman and Sande, 1966 ).
Some systems cannot be reduced to triangular form, yet still have at least one valid solution: for example, if y had not occurred in and after the first step above, the algorithm would have been unable to reduce the system to triangular form.
The problem with transformation is to find an algorithm where the magnitude of value added by labor, in proportion to its duration and intensity, is sufficiently accounted for after this value is distributed through prices that reflect an equal rate of return on capital advanced.
The ' knapsack packing ' algorithm was recently found to be insecure after the development of new attack.
The conjecture is also known as the 3n + 1 conjecture, the Ulam conjecture ( after Stanisław Ulam ), Kakutani's problem ( after Shizuo Kakutani ), the Thwaites conjecture ( after Sir Bryan Thwaites ), Hasse's algorithm ( after Helmut Hasse ), or the Syracuse problem ; the sequence of numbers involved is referred to as the hailstone sequence or hailstone numbers, or as wondrous numbers.
The algorithm basically involves the repeated doubling of an angle and becomes physically impractical after about 20 binary digits.
( Most flavors of LZW would put the stop code after the data alphabet, but nothing in the basic algorithm requires that.
Bruce Schneier, one of the authors of the losing Twofish algorithm, wrote after the competition was over that " I have nothing but good things to say about NIST and the AES process ".
) The brute-force search algorithm above will call output for every candidate that is a solution to the given instance P. The algorithm is easily modified to stop after finding the first solution, or a specified number of solutions ; or after testing a specified number of candidates, or after spending a given amount of CPU time.
0.277 seconds.