In addition to languages spoken today, Afroasiatic includes several ancient languages, such as Ancient Egyptian, Akkadian, and Biblical Hebrew.

Egyptians also believed that being mummified and put in a sarcophagus ( an ancient Egyptian " coffin " carved with complex symbols and designs, as well as pictures and hieroglyphs ) was the only way to have an afterlife.

* Some ancient Egyptian statues of Anubis read ,"... I am death ... I eat ambrosia and drink blood ..." which hints that ambrosia is a food of some sort.

In Egypt, Solon met a priest of Sais, who translated the history of ancient Athens and Atlantis, recorded on papyri in Egyptian hieroglyphs, into Greek.

* Altägyptisches Wörterbuch, the standard academic dictionary of ancient Egyptian published in Berlin

Plato drew a parallel between Athene and the ancient Libyan and Egyptian goddess Neith, a war deity who also was depicted carrying a shield.

He also wrote detailed descriptions on ancient Egyptian monuments.

* Ash ( god ), the ancient Egyptian god of oases

Anubis ( or ; ) is the Greek name for a jackal-headed god associated with mummification and the afterlife in ancient Egyptian religion.

Like many ancient Egyptian deities, Anubis assumes different roles in various contexts.

* Chancellor Bay, a royal scribe to an ancient Egyptian ruler

Fist depicted in Sumerian relief ( in Iraq ) carvings from the 3rd millennium BC, while an ancient Egyptian relief from the 2nd millennium BC depicts both fist-fighters and spectators.

" The Protestation of Guiltlessness ," from the Egyptian Book of the Dead, is a collection of assertions of innocence which were included in ancient Egyptian burial rites, and is often compared to Job, especially chapter 31.

However, the similarity between the central concerns of Job and those of certain ancient Babylonian and Egyptian texts reveals a shared interest in the question of why the innocent suffer.

Many believe that al-kīmīā is derived from χημία, which is in turn derived from the word Chemi or Kimi, which is the ancient name of Egypt in Egyptian.

* There are some calendars that appear to be synchronized to the motion of Venus, such as some of the ancient Egyptian calendars ; synchronization to Venus appears to occur primarily in civilizations near the Equator.

They have also been reported from several New Kingdom levels of ancient Egyptian archaeological sites.

Shu was the ancient Egyptian god of air and the husband of Tefnut, goddess of moisture.

The island is first referred to as Kaptara in texts from the Syrian city of Mari dating from the 18th century BC, repeated later in Neo-Assyrian records and the Bible ( Caphtor ) It was also known in ancient Egyptian as Keftiu, strongly suggesting some form similar to both was the Minoan name for the island.

The University of Chicago Oriental Institute has an extensive collection of ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern archaeological artifacts.

Clement then criticizes the simplistic anthropomorphism of most ancient religions, quoting Xenophon's famous description of African, Thracian and Egyptian deities.

* Canopus, Egypt, an ancient Egyptian city in the Nile Delta

* Canopic jar, ancient Egyptian vessel for storing organs removed by mummification procedure

Political leaders are known to have claimed actual divinity in certain early societies — the ancient Egyptian Pharaohs being the premier case — taking a role as objects of worship and being credited with superhuman status and powers.

The ancient Assyrians also used the Sumerian language in their literature and liturgy, although to a more limited extent in the Middle-and Neo-Assyrian periods, when Akkadian became the main literary language.

Chiastic structure or concentric structure is a common feature of ancient Hebrew poetry and literature.

Classics ( sometimes encompassing Classical Studies or Classical Civilization ) is the branch of the Humanities comprising the languages, literature, philosophy, history, art, archaeology and other culture of the ancient Mediterranean world ( Bronze Age ca.

Cerberus featured in many works of ancient Greek and Roman literature and in works of both ancient and modern art and architecture, although the depiction and background surrounding Cerberus often differed across various works by different authors of the era.

Most occurrences in ancient literature revolve around the basis of the threat of Cerberus being overcome to allow a living being access to the underworld ; in the Aeneid Cerberus was lulled to sleep after being tricked into eating drugged honeycakes and Orpheus put the creature to sleep with his music.

Cerberus ' depiction in ancient art is not as definitive as in literature ; the poets and linguists of ancient Greece and Rome mostly agreed on the physical appearance ( with the notable exception in Hesiod's Theogony in which he had 50 heads ).

Despite the limitations imposed on ancient Chinese concubines, history and literature have examples of concubines achieving great power and influence.

In ancient literature, we find a reference to the workings of water-powered marble saws close to Trier, now Germany, by the late 4th century poet Ausonius ; about the same time, these mill types seem also to be indicated by the Christian saint Gregory of Nyssa from Anatolia, demonstrating a diversified use of water-power in many parts of the Roman Empire.

In ancient China, geographical literature spans back to the 5th century BC.

According to Howard Schwartz, " the myth of the fall of Lucifer " existed in fragmentary form in Isaiah 14: 12 and other ancient Jewish literature ; Schwartz claims that the myth originated from " the ancient Canaanite myth of Athtar, who attempted to rule the throne of Ba ' al, but was forced to descend and rule the underworld instead ".

This corpus was memorized by highly educated people in Laozi's time, and the allusions were reinforced through common use in writing, but few people today have this type of deep acquaintance with ancient Chinese literature.

Nice wrote to Joseph Grinnell in 1932, trying to get foreign literature reviewed in the Condor: " Too many American ornithologists have despised the study of the living bird ; the magazines and books that deal with the subject abound in careless statements, anthropomorphic interpretations, repetition of ancient errors, and sweeping conclusions from a pitiful array of facts.

Moreover, numerous fragments and testimonies are found throughout ancient Greek and Roman literature, a collection of which can be found in Usener's Epicurea.

The Greek language holds an important place in the histories of Europe, the more loosely defined Western world, and Christianity ; the canon of ancient Greek literature includes works of monumental importance and influence for the future Western canon, such as the epic poems Iliad and Odyssey.

So profuse was Galen's output that the surviving texts represent nearly half of all the extant literature from ancient Greece.

It served as an extended defense for the studies of ancient literature and thought.

In that the revival of classical antiquity became necessary to the achievement of the Renaissance, his defense of the importance of ancient literature was an essential requirement for its development.

Fingal written in 1762 was speedily translated into many European languages, and its deep appreciation of natural beauty and the melancholy tenderness of its treatment of the ancient legend did more than any single work to bring about the Romantic movement in European, and especially in German, literature, influencing Herder and Goethe.

Its origin is lost in the mists of time, but from the evidence of the ancient oral and written literature, it has been present in one form or another since at least the 6th century or before.

In ancient times, the idea of subterranean realms seemed arguable, and became intertwined with the concept of " places " such as the Greek Hades, the Nordic svartalfheim, the Christian Hell, and the Jewish Sheol ( with details describing inner Earth in Kabalistic literature, such as the Zohar and Hesed L ' Avraham ).

The Vedas and other ancient literature mention the use of honey as a great medicinal and health food.

The Indian Ocean is known as Ratnakara in the ancient Sanskrit literature.