Those arguments are presented in written briefs and sometimes in oral argument to the court at a hearing.

This is often the case, for example, with idiomatic expressions whose definitions are rarely or never well-defined, and are presented in the context of a larger argument that invites a conclusion.

Scottish philosopher W. R. Sorley presented the following argument:

Although it was originally presented in reaction to the statements of artificial intelligence researchers, it is not an argument against the goals of AI research, because it does not limit the amount of intelligence a machine can display.

Although the Chinese Room argument was originally presented in reaction to the statements of AI researchers, philosophers have come to view it as an important part of the philosophy of mind.

: Alan Turing ( writing 30 years before Searle presented his argument ) noted that people never consider the problem of other minds when dealing with each other.

Stove alleged that by using weak or false ad hoc reasoning, these Ultra-Darwinists used evolutionary concepts to offer explanations that were not valid ( e. g., Stove suggested that sociobilogical explanation of altruism as an evolutionary feature was presented in such as way that the argument was effectively immune to any criticism.

Another argument that challenges reliabilism, like the Gettier cases ( although it was not presented in the same short article as the Gettier cases ), is the case of Henry and the barn façades.

Epicurus " presented a sustained argument that pleasure, correctly understood, will coincide with virtue ".

While the standard argument for utilizing a modern text supports distillation of information into a form relevant to modern society, perennialists argue that many of the historical debates and the development of ideas presented by the great books are relevant to any society, at any time, and thus that the suitability of the great books for instructional use is unaffected by their age.

A claim or defense may be frivolous because it had no underlying justification in fact, or because it was not presented with an argument for a reasonable extension or reinterpretation of the law.

Moore's argument for the indefinability of “ good ” ( and thus for the fallaciousness of the “ naturalistic fallacy ”) is often called the Open Question Argument ; it is presented in § 13 of Principia Ethica.

230 BCE ) presented an explicit argument for a heliocentric model of the solar system, placing the Sun, not the Earth, at the centre.

Christina Hoff Sommers has been a vocal critic of the concept of herstory, and presented her argument against the movement in her 1994 book, Who Stole Feminism ?.

" It is a contemporary adaptation of the traditional teleological argument for the existence of God, presented by its advocates as " an evidence-based scientific theory about life's origins " rather than " a religious-based idea ".

" Similarly, when two options are presented, they are often, though not always, two extreme points on some spectrum of possibilities ; this can lend credence to the larger argument by giving the impression that the options are mutually exclusive, even though they need not be.

This was an argument presented in the ratification debates.

The teleological argument was presented by the early Islamic philosophers, Alkindus and Averroes ( founder of Averroism ), while Avicenna ( founder of the Avicennism school of Islamic philosophy ) presented both the cosmological argument and ontological argument in The Book of Healing ( 1027 ).

The Ontological argument is also presented, but rejected in favor of proofs dealing with cause and effect alone.

Although Wittgenstein certainly argues that the notion of private language is incoherent, because of the way in which the text is presented the exact nature of the argument is disputed.

That is why, the argument runs, the squares are so fearful of jazz and yet perversely fascinated by it.

Ideas need to be tested, and not merely by argument and debate.

Sir Robert Watson-Watt's `` rebuttal '' of Sir Charles Snow's Godkin Lectures is marred throughout by too forceful a desire to defend Lindemann and apparently himself from Sir Charles' supposed falsehoods while stating those `` falsehoods '' in an unclear incoherent argument.

Only George Santayana seemed to understand and appreciate the film when he wrote: `` Miss Poitrine has perpetrated the most eloquent argument for the Protestant faith yet unleashed by Hollywood ''.

The hypostatization of the secret nonetheless guarantees that the division of analytical and synthetic philosophies shall not be overcome by even the most persuasive argument ; ;

Obviously, a satisfactory answer to the third question is imperative, if the argument is to get under way at all, for if there is any possibility of doubt whether the patient's tactual sensitivity had been impaired by the occipital lesion, any findings whatsoever in regard to the first question become completely ambiguous and fail altogether, of course, as evidence to establish the desired conclusion.

If the argument is accepted as essentially sound up to this point, it remains for us to consider whether the patient's difficulties in orienting himself spatially and in locating objects in space with the sense of touch can be explained by his defective visual condition.

Even a hasty reader will easily find in it numerous blind spots, errors of fact and argument, important exclusions, areas of ignorance and prejudice, undue emphases on trivia, examples of broad positions supported by flimsy evidence, and the like.

More often, though, he is so accustomed to submitting to authority on the job without argument that he lives by the same rule at home.

In such a case the defendant should serve as a clear example and not have to be tied to the issue by argument.

Added to the argument was the fact that while she might have tasted the coffee if it had been still hot, she might even have drunk some of it, she wouldn't have taken enough to kill her, for she would have been warned by its taste.

Some examples of reversible error would be erroneously instructing the jury on the law applicable to the case, permitting seriously improper argument by an attorney, admitting or excluding evidence improperly, acting outside the court's jurisdiction, injecting bias into the proceeding or appearing to do so, juror misconduct, etc.

* Oral argument, in US law, a spoken presentation to a judge or appellate court by a lawyer ( or parties when representing themselves ) of the legal reasons why they should prevail

In structure, Johnson points out the same central theme, that of cannibalism and the eating of babies as well as the same final argument, that " human depravity is such that men will attempt to justify their own cruelty by accusing their victims of being lower than human.

He reminds readers that " there is a gap between the narrator ’ s meaning and the text ’ s, and that a moral-political argument is being carried out by means of parody ".

Gurevich: "... Turing's informal argument in favor of his thesis justifies a stronger thesis: every algorithm can be simulated by a Turing machine ... according to Savage, an algorithm is a computational process defined by a Turing machine ".

Paneloux's argument is based on the theology of St. Augustine, on which he is an expert, and it is accepted as irrefutable by many of the townspeople, including the magistrate, Othon.

The Bohr model for a short time could be seen as a classical model with an additional constraint provided by the ' wavelength ' argument.

The cost argument advanced by ACSI and others prevailed in keeping religious institutions from being labeled as " public accommodations ", and thus churches were permitted to remain inaccessible if they choose.

The argument of the Enquiry proceeds by a series of incremental steps, separated into chapters which logically succeed one another.

C. S. Lewis supported this argument and challenged the evolutionary naturalistic view of morality – that morality evolved and is a human construct – by arguing that without objective moral truths, moral scepticism would set in, leading to moral anarchy.

Parkinson challenges the argument from moral objectivity by arguing that, for the argument to be successful, it must be shown that morality is objective and commanded by God, rather than just a human invention.